Title Page
Abstract
Contents
1. Introduction 12
1.1. Discovery and Electrical properties of perovskite 12
1.2. Demand for Organic-Inorganic hybrid perovskite materials 15
1.2.1. Renewable energy to replace harmful and exhausting energy 15
1.2.2. Applications using the photoelectric properties of Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Perovskite 15
1.3. Efforts to improve the instability of perovskite 19
1.3.1. Causes of Perovskite Degradation and Effect on Device 19
1.3.2. Attempts to improve the stability of perovskite using additives 19
1.4. Objectives and Prospects of Current Research 23
1.5. References 25
2. Research 27
2.1. Experiment 27
2.1.1. Materials 27
2.1.2. Vapor phase deposition system 27
2.1.3. Vapor phase deposition of lead iodide (PbI₂) 28
2.1.4. Conversion of PbI₂ film to PEAI treated MAPbI₃ 29
2.1.5. Characterizations 30
2.1.6. Device Characterizations 31
2.2. Results & Discussion 32
2.3. Conclusion 41
2.4. Figures 42
2.5. References 53
Figure 1. Basic cubic structure of ABX₃ type of perovskite 14
Figure 2. Time table of photoelectric conversion efficiency of semiconductor materials of solar cells to date. 17
Figure 3. CH₃NH₃3PbBr₃ (MAPbBr₃), CH₃NH₃PbBr₂I, and CH3NH3PbI3-xClx(MAPbI3-xClx) are each used as a light emitting layer for LED panels.[이미지참조] 18
Figure 4. Degradation of CH3NH₃PbI₂ exposed to oxygen 21
Figure 5. Two-dimensional perovskite synthesized over a large area using long chain ammonium 22
Figure 6. illustration of Simultaneous process and Sequential process of Phenethylammonium iodide (PEAI) additive vapor phase for improving the... 42
Figure 7. 3D topographical map measured by atomic force microscopy (AFM). (a)MAPbI₃, (b)Sequential PEAI 2 min process, (c) Simultaneous PEAI 2 min... 43
Figure 8. XPS analysis of Simultaneous PEAI treated MAPbI₃ and Sequential PEAI treated MAPbI₃. The top line is the XPS spectra of the simultaneous... 44
Figure 9. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectra of C1s (a) PEAI, (b) MAI, and (c) MAPbI₃ 45
Figure 10. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectra of (a) pb4f, (b) I3d of PbI₂ (blue lines) and MAPbI₃. (red lines) 46
Figure 11. Grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD) patterns of Simultaneous and Sequential PEAI treated MAPbI₃, measured at the center of the sample. (a-d)... 47
Figure 12. Grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD) patterns of MAPbI₃ at as grown and at 8 days 48
Figure 13. Characteristics of optical properties and stability of MAPbI₃ according to PEAI treatment method. (a) PL spectra of untreated MAPbI₃ in... 49
Figure 14. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy of (a) MAPbI₃, (b) Simultaneous 2 min (c) Sequential 2 min at as grown 50
Figure 15. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy of (a) MAPbI₃ (b) Simultaneous 2 min (c) Sequential 2 min at 8 days 51
Figure 16. Photodetector Fabrication and Performance (a) Optical image taken of the photodetector measurement (Inset : phone image). (b-d) Current-voltage... 52