표제지
국문요약
Abstract
목차
제1장 서론 28
1.1. 연구 배경 및 필요성 28
1.2. 연구 내용 및 목적 31
제2장 관련 이론 34
2.1. 구리의 종류 및 특성 34
2.1.1. 구리 접속 재료의 특성 34
2.1.2. 구리 종류의 물리적 특성 35
2.2. 탄소의 종류 및 특성 37
2.2.1. 탄소의 특성 37
2.2.2. 탄소섬유 38
2.2.3. 활성 탄소섬유 39
2.2.4. 탄소 나노튜브 40
2.3. 차단기의 이론 및 특성 41
2.3.1. 차단기의 차단 메커니즘 41
2.3.2. 차단기의 개폐 서지의 특징 42
2.4. 전자기파의 종류 및 특성 47
2.4.1. 전자기파의 영역 47
2.4.2. 전자기파의 분류 48
2.5. 아크의 종류 및 특성 52
2.5.1. 접속부의 전기저항 특성 52
2.5.2. AC 아크 사고의 검출 및 특성 61
2.5.3. DC 아크의 발화 특성 및 사고의 검출 방법 66
2.5.4. DC 전압과 전류의 변화에 따른 아크 특성 69
제3장 실험 조건 및 방법 72
3.1. 실험 조건 72
3.1.1. AC 직렬 아크방전 장치의 구성 72
3.1.2. DC 직렬 아크방전 장치의 구성 74
3.1.3. 전극의 형태별 시료 제작 76
3.2. 실험 방법 77
3.2.1. AC/DC 전극 형태별 실험 방법 77
3.2.2. AC/DC 전극 형태별 직렬 아크방전 실험 78
제4장 결과 및 고찰 82
4.1. AC 220 [V] 직렬 아크방전의 특성 분석 82
4.1.1. 직렬 아크방전의 전압 및 전류 패턴 분석 (AC 2 [A] or 5 [A]) 83
4.1.2. 직렬 아크방전의 발열량 특징 비교 (AC 2 [A] or 5 [A]) 102
4.1.3. 직렬 아크방전의 발열량 분석 (AC 2 [A] or 5 [A]) 105
4.1.4. 직렬 아크방전의 스펙트라 분석 (AC 2 [A] or 5 [A]) 117
4.2. DC 220 [V] 직렬 아크방전의 특성 분석 126
4.2.1. 직렬 아크방전의 전압 및 전류 패턴 분석 (DC 2 [A] or 5 [A]) 127
4.2.2. 직렬 아크방전의 발열량의 특징 비교 (DC 2 [A] or 5 [A]) 139
4.2.3. 직렬 아크방전의 발열량 분석 (DC 2 [A] or 5 [A]) 141
4.2.4. 직렬 아크방전의 스펙트라 분석 (DC 2 [A] or 5 [A]) 153
4.3. AC 220 [V] 직렬 아크방전이 완료된 전극의 특성 분석 162
4.3.1. 전극의 형상 및 적열부 분석(AC 2 [A] or 5 [A]) 162
4.3.2. 전극의 단면 조직 분석 (AC 2 [A] or 5 [A]) 169
4.3.3. 전극의 SEM 및 EDX 분석(AC 2 [A] or 5 [A]) 177
4.4. DC 220 [V] 직렬 아크방전이 완료된 전극의 특성 분석 198
4.4.1. 전극의 형상 및 적열부 분석(DC 2 [A] or 5 [A]) 198
4.4.2. 전극의 단면 조직 분석(DC 2 [A] or 5 [A]) 205
4.4.3. 전극의 SEM 및 EDX 분석(DC 2 [A] or 5 [A]) 213
4.5. AC/DC 2[A] 또는 5[A]가 흘렀을 때의 발열량 분석 236
제5장 결론 238
참고문헌 242
Table 2.1. Characteristics of Copper at 99.95 35
Table 2.2. Breaker function, component and selection sequence 41
Table 2.3. Typical valves of tunnel resistivity 55
Table 2.4. Typical values of contact resistance constants, calculated for... 56
Table 4.1. Comparison of characteristics of calorific value after series arc discharge... 102
Table 4.2. Comparison of characteristics of calorific value after series arc discharge... 103
Table 4.3. Explosive limits and minimum ignition energy for different dust types 103
Table 4.4. Minimum ignition energy of combustible gas mixture 104
Table 4.5. Data when the load current flows 2[A] and the AC series arc... 106
Table 4.6. Data when the load current flows 2[A] and the AC series arc... 108
Table 4.7. Data when the load current flows 2[A] and the AC series arc... 110
Table 4.8. Data when the load current flows 5[A] and the AC series arc... 112
Table 4.9. Data when the load current flows 5[A] and the AC series arc... 114
Table 4.10. Data when the load current flows 5[A] and the series arc... 116
Table 4.11. Comparison of characteristics of calorific value after series arc... 139
Table 4.12. Comparison of characteristics of calorific value after series arc... 140
Table 4.13. Data when the load current flows 2[A] and the DC series arc... 142
Table 4.14. Data when the load current flows 2[A] and the DC series arc... 144
Table 4.15. Data when the load current flows 2[A] and the DC series arc... 146
Table 4.16. Data when the load current flows 5[A] and the DC series arc... 148
Table 4.17. Data when the load current flows 5[A] and the DC series arc... 150
Table 4.18. Data when the load current flows 5[A] and the DC series arc... 152
Table 4.19. Result of analysis by EDX on the composition distribution of the... 179
Table 4.20. Result of analysis by EDX on the composition distribution of the... 182
Table 4.21. Result of analysis by EDX on the composition distribution of the... 185
Table 4.22. Result of analysis by EDX on the composition distribution of the... 188
Table 4.23. Result of analysis by EDX on the composition distribution of the... 191
Table 4.24. Result of analysis by EDX on the composition distribution of the... 194
Table 4.25. Result of analysis by EDX on the composition distribution of the... 195
Table 4.26. Result of analysis by EDX on the composition distribution of the... 197
Table 4.27. Result of analysis by EDX on the composition distribution of the... 215
Table 4.28. Result of analysis by EDX on the composition distribution of the... 218
Table 4.29. Result of analysis by EDX on the composition distribution of the... 221
Table 4.30. Result of analysis by EDX on the composition distribution of the... 224
Table 4.31. Result of analysis by EDX on the composition distribution of the... 227
Table 4.32. Result of analysis by EDX on the composition distribution of the... 230
Table 4.33. Result of analysis by EDX on the composition distribution of the... 231
Table 4.34. Result of analysis by EDX on the composition distribution of the... 233
Table 4.35. Result of analysis by EDX on the composition distribution of the... 235
Table 4.36. Comparing the amount of heat generated when AC 2 [A] flows 236
Table 4.37. Comparing the amount of heat generated when AC 5 [A] flows 236
Table 4.38. Comparing the amount of heat generated when DC 2[A] flows 237
Table 4.39. Comparing the amount of heat generated when DC 5[A] flow 237
Fig. 2.1. Shape and internal structure of carbon. 37
Fig. 2.2. Shape and internal structure of carbon fiber. 38
Fig. 2.3. Shape and internal structure of activated carbon fiber. 39
Fig. 2.4. Shape and internal structure of carbon nanotube. 40
Fig. 2.5. The blocking mechanism and the blocking process of the breakers. 41
Fig. 2.6. Equivalent circuit of power system and voltage wave type when... 42
Fig. 2.7. No-load charging current schematic(breaking action, no-load abnormal voltage. 44
Fig. 2.8. Circuit and waveform and circuit of cut-off by lagging current. 45
Fig. 2.9. HSGS(High Speed Ground CB). 45
Fig. 2.10. Voltage and current waveform in case that DC circuit is cut-off. 46
Fig. 2.11. Waveform range of electromagnetic waves. 47
Fig. 2.12. Illustration of apparent contact and effective contact areas. 53
Fig. 2.13. Growth process of Cu₂O. 58
Fig. 2.14. Electrical resistance- temperature characteristics of Cu₂O. 58
Fig. 2.15. Temperature-resistance characteristics of oxide by current. 60
Fig. 2.16. Average voltage drop and power consumption for connection of... 60
Fig. 2.17. Accidental arcing circuit on pure inductive load. 63
Fig. 2.18. Accidental arcing circuit on pure resistive load. 64
Fig. 2.19. Accidental arcing circuit on pure compound load. 65
Fig. 2.20. Fire rate according to accumulated arc energy. 66
Fig. 2.21. Total burn through time[s] according to arc power[w]. 67
Fig. 2.22. Arc generator according to UL1699B. 68
Fig. 2.23. Classification of arcs by symmetrical characteristics. 69
Fig. 2.24. Voltage distribution according to arc length. 70
Fig. 2.25. Arc voltage and current characteristics at a fixed interpole distance. 71
Fig. 3.1. Schematic diagram of the experimental device configured to reliably... 72
Fig. 3.2. Schematic diagram of the AC series arc discharge device. 73
Fig. 3.3. Schematic diagram of the DC series arc discharge device. 74
Fig. 3.4. The magnified image of the series arc discharge device. 75
Fig. 3.5. Copper electrodes by shape and photo enlarged by 10 times. 76
Fig. 3.6. Carbon electrodes by shape and photo enlarged by 10 times. 76
Fig. 3.7. Experimental method of the electrode by shape. 77
Fig. 3.8. Experimental diagram of the series arc discharge. 78
Fig. 3.9. Experimental configuration for the series arc discharge device. 79
Fig. 3.10. Flow chart for the AC series arc discharge test. 80
Fig. 3.11. Flow chart for the DC series arc discharge test. 81
Fig. 4.1. Schematic diagram of the AC series arc discharge device. 82
Fig. 4.2. Waveforms of voltage and current when a Copper plane stator electrode... 84
Fig. 4.3. Waveforms of voltage and current when a Copper plane stator electrode... 87
Fig. 4.4. Waveforms of voltage and current when a Carbon plane stator electrode... 90
Fig. 4.5. Waveforms of voltage and current when a Copper plane stator electrode... 93
Fig. 4.6. Waveforms of voltage and current when a Copper plane stator electrode... 96
Fig. 4.7. Waveforms of voltage and current when a Carbon plane stator electrode... 99
Fig. 4.8. Waveform pattern when load current flows 2[A] and AC series arc... 105
Fig. 4.9. Waveform pattern when load current flows 2[A] and AC series arc... 107
Fig. 4.10. Waveform pattern when load current flows 2[A] and AC series arc... 109
Fig. 4.11. Waveform pattern when load current flows 5[A] and AC series arc... 111
Fig. 4.12. Waveform pattern when load current flows 5[A] and AC series arc... 113
Fig. 4.13. Waveform pattern when load current flows 5[A] and AC series arc... 115
Fig. 4.14. Schematic diagram of the experimental apparatus for the analysis of the... 117
Fig. 4.15. Spectral pattern when AC load current 2[A] flows between Cu -... 119
Fig. 4.16. Spectral pattern when AC load current 2[A] flows between Cu - C... 120
Fig. 4.17. Spectral pattern when AC load current 2[A] flows between C - C... 121
Fig. 4.18. Spectral pattern when AC load current 5[A] flows between Cu-... 122
Fig. 4.19. Spectral pattern when AC load current 5[A] flows between Cu - C... 123
Fig. 4.20. Spectral pattern when AC load current 5[A] flows between C - C... 124
Fig. 4.21. Schematic diagram of the DC series arc discharge device. 126
Fig. 4.22. Voltage and current waveforms about the discharge between Cu- Cu... 128
Fig. 4.23. Voltage and current waveforms about the discharge between Cu - C... 129
Fig. 4.24. Voltage and current waveforms about the discharge between C - C plane electrodes. 131
Fig. 4.25. Voltage and current waveforms about the discharge between Cu- Cu... 133
Fig. 4.26. Voltage and current waveforms about the discharge between Cu - C... 135
Fig. 4.27. Voltage and current waveforms about the discharge between C - C plane electrodes. 137
Fig. 4.28. Waveform pattern when load current flows 2[A] and DC series arc... 141
Fig. 4.29. Waveform pattern when load current flows 2[A] and DC series arc... 143
Fig. 4.30. Waveform pattern when load current flows 2[A] and DC series arc... 145
Fig. 4.31. Waveform pattern when load current flows 5[A] and DC series arc... 147
Fig. 4.32. Waveform pattern when load current flows 5[A] and DC series arc... 149
Fig. 4.33. Waveform pattern when load current flows 5[A] and DC series arc... 151
Fig. 4.34. Experimental apparatus for the analysis of the characteristics of the... 153
Fig. 4.35. Spectral pattern when DC load current 2[A] flows between Cu -... 155
Fig. 4.36. Spectral pattern when DC load current 2[A] flows between Cu - C... 156
Fig. 4.37. Spectral pattern when DC load current 2[A] flows between C - C... 157
Fig. 4.38. Spectral pattern when DC load current 5[A] flows between Cu -... 158
Fig. 4.39. Spectral pattern when DC load current 5[A] flows between Cu - C... 159
Fig. 4.40. Spectral pattern when DC load current 5[A] flows between C - C... 160
Fig. 4.41. Schematic diagram of the AC series arc discharge device. 162
Fig. 4.42. Microphotographs of the copper plane stator and copper plane... 163
Fig. 4.43. Microphotographs of the copper plane stator and carbon plane... 164
Fig. 4.44. Microphotographs of the carbon plane stator and carbon plane... 165
Fig. 4.45. Microphotographs of the copper plane stator and copper plane... 166
Fig. 4.46. Microphotographs of the copper plane stator and carbon plane... 167
Fig. 4.47. Microphotographs of the carbon plane stator and carbon plane... 168
Fig. 4.48. Photos of the copper plane stator and copper plane mover electrodes... 169
Fig. 4.49. Photos of the copper plane stator and carbon plane mover electrodes... 170
Fig. 4.50. Photos of the carbon plane stator and carbon plane mover electrodes... 171
Fig. 4.51. Photos of the copper plane stator and copper plane mover electrodes... 172
Fig. 4.52. Photos of the copper plane stator and carbon plane mover electrodes... 173
Fig. 4.53. Photos of the carbon plane stator and carbon plane mover electrodes... 174
Fig. 4.54. SEM picture of the copper plane stator electrode after series arc... 177
Fig. 4.55. SEM picture of the copper plane mover electrode after series arc... 178
Fig. 4.56. SEM picture of the copper plane stator electrode after series arc... 180
Fig. 4.57. SEM picture of the carbon plane mover electrode after series arc... 181
Fig. 4.58. SEM picture of the carbon plane stator electrode after series arc... 183
Fig. 4.59. SEM picture of the carbon plane mover electrode after series arc... 184
Fig. 4.60. SEM picture of the copper plane stator electrode after series arc... 186
Fig. 4.61. SEM picture of the copper plane mover electrode after series arc... 187
Fig. 4.62. SEM picture of the copper plane stator electrode after series arc... 189
Fig. 4.63. SEM picture of the carbon plane mover electrode after series arc... 190
Fig. 4.64. SEM picture of the carbon plane stator electrode after series arc... 192
Fig. 4.65. SEM picture of the carbon plane mover electrode after series arc... 193
Fig. 4.66. Schematic diagram of the DC series arc discharge device. 198
Fig. 4.67. Microphotographs of the copper plane stator and copper plane... 199
Fig. 4.68. Microphotographs of the copper plane stator and carbon plane... 200
Fig. 4.69. Microphotographs of the carbon plane stator and carbon plane... 201
Fig. 4.70. Microphotographs of the copper plane stator and copper plane... 202
Fig. 4.71. Microphotographs of the copper plane stator and carbon plane... 203
Fig. 4.72. Microphotographs of the carbon plane stator and carbon plane... 204
Fig. 4.73. Photos of the copper plane stator and copper plane mover electrodes... 205
Fig. 4.74. Photos of the copper plane stator and carbon plane mover electrodes... 206
Fig. 4.75. Photos of the carbon plane stator and carbon plane mover electrodes... 207
Fig. 4.76. Photos of the copper plane stator and copper plane mover electrodes... 208
Fig. 4.77. Photos of the copper plane stator and carbon plane mover electrodes... 209
Fig. 4.78. Photos of the carbon plane stator and carbon plane mover electrodes... 210
Fig. 4.79. SEM picture of the copper plane stator electrode after series arc... 213
Fig. 4.80. SEM picture of the copper plane mover electrode after series arc... 214
Fig. 4.81. SEM picture of the copper plane stator electrode after series arc... 216
Fig. 4.82. SEM picture of the carbon plane mover electrode after series arc... 217
Fig. 4.83. SEM picture of the carbon plane stator electrode after series arc... 219
Fig. 4.84. SEM picture of the carbon plane mover electrode after series arc... 220
Fig. 4.85. SEM picture of the copper plane stator electrode after series arc... 222
Fig. 4.86. SEM picture of the copper plane mover electrode after series arc... 223
Fig. 4.87. SEM picture of the copper plane stator electrode after series arc... 225
Fig. 4.88. SEM picture of the carbon plane mover electrode after series arc... 226
Fig. 4.89. SEM picture of the carbon plane stator electrode after series arc... 228
Fig. 4.90. SEM picture of the carbon plane mover electrode after series arc... 229