Title Page
Contents
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 14
ABSTRACT 15
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 20
1.1. Introduction 20
1.2. Background of the study 20
1.3. Problem statement and research gap 28
1.4. Research objectives 33
1.5. Research questions 34
1.6. Scope of the study 35
1.7. Significance of the study 37
1.7.1. Significance to theory 37
1.7.2. Significance to practice 38
1.8. Definition of key terms 39
1.8.1. Niche Tourism 39
1.8.2. User-generated content (UGC) 41
1.8.3. Eastern Foothill of Helan Moutain wine region 43
1.9. Organization of the study 47
1.10. Summary of Introduction 49
CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 50
2.1. Introduction 50
2.2. Theoretical foundations 50
2.2.1. Theory of tourism destination image 50
2.2.2. Tourism destination image formation 57
2.2.3. Influencing factor of tourism destination image 63
2.2.4. Measurement of tourism destination image 65
2.3. Theoretical Framework 69
2.3.1. The components of destination image model 69
2.3.2. Cognitive - Affective - Conative image model 73
2.4. Literature Review 76
2.4.1. Food tourism 76
2.4.2. Wine tourism 78
2.4.3. Wine tourism destination image 86
2.4.4. Wine tourism experience 88
2.4.5. Wine tourists and wine consumers in China 92
2.5. Summary of literature review 95
CHAPTER 3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 97
3.1. Introduction 97
3.2. Research paradigm 97
3.3. Research methodology 101
3.4. Research design 103
3.4.1. Data analysis strategy 106
3.5. Phase I study-components of ICEWTD 110
3.5.1. Data collection 110
3.5.2. Data analysis 113
3.6. Phase II study-insights of ICEWTD 115
3.6.1. Data collection 116
3.6.2. Sampling 126
3.6.3. Data collection 128
3.6.4. Data analysis 133
3.7. Trustworthiness in qualitative research 139
3.8. Reflexivity in qualitative research 141
3.9. Ethical considerations 145
3.10. Summary of research methodology 146
CHAPTER 4. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 147
4.1. Introduction 147
4.2. Findings of phase I study 148
4.2.1. Word frequency analysis 148
4.2.2. Semantic network analysis 149
4.2.3. Components of the image of CEWTD 151
4.2.4. The overall image of CEWTD in phase I study 163
4.3. Findings of phase II study 165
4.3.1. Components of the image of CEWTD 166
4.3.2. Influencing Factors of forming ICEWTD 187
4.3.3. Unique image of CEWTD in phase II study 192
4.4. Overall image of CEWTD 193
4.5. An integrated conceptual framework of ICEWTD 197
4.6. Discussion of the study results 198
4.6.1. Authenticity experience in wine tourism 198
4.6.2. Aesthetic drive in wine tourism 200
4.6.3. Culture drive in wine tourism 200
4.6.4. Tourist experience and tourism destination image 202
4.7. Summary of findings 203
CHAPTER 5. IMPLICATION AND CONCLUSION 204
5.1. Introduction 204
5.2. Recapitulation 204
5.3. Implications of study 207
5.3.1. Theoretical implications 207
5.3.2. Practical implications 210
5.4. Limitations of study 211
5.5. Future research 212
5.6. Conclusion 214
References 216
APPENDIXES 13
Appendix I. Information letter (English Version) 256
Appendix II. Information letter (Chinese Version) 258
Appendix III. Consent letter sample (English Version) 259
Appendix IV. Consent letter sample (Chinese Version) 261
Appendix V. Interview guide (pilot used) 263
Appendix VI. Interview guide (English Version) 268
Appendix VII. Interview guide (Chinese Version) 271
Appendix VIII. Transcript example of Interview (English Version) 275
Appendix IX. Transcript example of Interview (Chinese Version) 278
Appendix X. View of the vineyard of Ningxia 282
Appendix XI. Chateau Changyu Moser XV, Ningxia 288
[Table 2.1] Selected definitions & research progress of TDI 52
[Table 2.2] Influencing factors of the wine tourism experience 90
[Table 3.1] Example of data source information of CEWTD on TripAdvisor 112
[Table 3.2] Demographic characteristics of the respondents 132
[Table 4.1] High-frequency words list (Top 30) 149
[Table 4.2] Key themes (Axial Codes) of components model quadrants 152
[Table 4.3] Affective analysis of tourists' perception of ICEWTD 160
[Table 4.4] The components of the cognitive image (phase II study) 167
[Table 4.5] High-lighted attributes of the cognitive image 169
[Table 4.6] The emotions/feelings dimensions of the affective image 184
[Table 4.7] The atmosphere of the affective image 185
[Table 4.8] Overall image of CEWTD 195
[Figure 1.1] Total tourism revenue of China from 2008 to 2019 (in billion CNY) 21
[Figure 1.2] Vineyard surface area worldwide in 2019 by leading country... 23
[Figure 1.3] Wine consumption share worldwide in 2019 24
[Figure 1.4] Summary of wine tourism studies 2004-2019 in CNKI 31
[Figure 1.5] Wine map of Helan Mountain's East Foothill 44
[Figure 2.1] Gunn's framework of destination image formation 59
[Figure 2.2] Jenkin's framework of destination image formation 60
[Figure 2.3] Baloglu & McCleary's framework of destination image formation 63
[Figure 2.4] The Components Model of Tourism Destination Image 70
[Figure 2.5] Cognitive - Affective - Conative Model of TDI 75
[Figure 3.1] Schematic diagram of the research process 104
[Figure 3.2] Data analysis procedure 107
[Figure 3.3] Circular process of coding 138
[Figure 4.1] Semantic network analysis of ICEWTD 151
[Figure 4.2] Image of China as an emerging WTD (phase I study) 164
[Figure 4.3] An integrated conceptual framework of ICEWTD 198