Title Page
Contents
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 17
ABSTRACT 19
CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 24
1.1. Introduction 24
1.2. Background of the study 24
1.3. Problem statement and research gap 39
1.4. Research objectives 49
1.5. Research questions 50
1.6. Research scope 50
1.7. Significance of the study 52
1.8. Operational definitions of key terms 57
1.8.1. Five-star hotel 57
1.8.2. Work-life demands 57
1.8.3. Work involvement 58
1.8.4. Work-role conflicts 59
1.8.5. Work overload 59
1.8.6. Family involvement 60
1.8.7. Family conflicts 61
1.8.8. Work-life conflicts 61
1.8.9. Work-life balance 62
1.9. Organisation of the chapters 63
CHAPTER TWO REVIEW OF LITERATURE 64
2.1. Introduction 64
2.2. Work-life balance 64
2.3. Dimensions of work-life demands 70
2.3.1. Work involvement 71
2.3.2. Work-role conflict 74
2.3.3. Work overload 77
2.3.4. Family involvement 82
2.3.5. Family conflicts 85
2.4. Work-life conflicts 87
2.5. Organisational structure in hotels 92
2.5.1. Structure of corporate chain hotels 95
2.5.2. Categories of structures 96
2.5.3. Flat structures 98
2.5.4. Line versus staff functions 100
2.5.5. Large independent hotel structure 101
2.5.6. Small hotel structure 102
2.6. Importance of work-life balance in the hotel industry 104
2.7. Related studies on work-life balance in the hotel industry 112
2.8. Theoretical framework and hypotheses development 115
2.8.1. Theoretical framework 119
2.8.2. Research hypotheses 120
2.9. Conclusion 129
CHAPTER THREE TOURISM AND HOTEL INDUSTRY IN INDIA 131
3.1. Introduction 131
3.2. Background 131
3.3. Tourism in India 133
3.4. Case study areas 135
3.4.1. Kasaragod 135
3.4.2. Kozhikode 137
3.4.3. Malappuram 138
3.4.4. Thrissur 139
3.4.5. Ernakulam 141
3.4.6. Idukki 142
3.4.7. Kottayam 143
3.4.8. Alappuzha 145
3.4.9. Kollam 146
3.4.10. Thiruvananthapuram 148
3.5. Tourism industry in Kerala 149
3.6. Classification of hotels in India 165
3.7. Hotel industry in Kerala 169
3.8. Employment statistics in Kerala's hotel industry 173
3.9. Women's participation Kerala's economy 174
3.9.1. Gender inequality in remuneration 176
3.9.2. Distribution of female workforce 179
3.10. Conclusion 181
CHAPTER FOUR RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 183
4.1. Introduction 183
4.2. Research design 183
4.3. Population, sample, and sampling framework 187
4.4. Precision and confidence in determining sample size 190
4.4.1. Precision 190
4.4.2. Confidence level 192
4.4.3. Estimating sample size 193
4.5. Data collection process 195
4.5.1. Research instruments 197
4.5.2. Pilot study of the survey instruments 204
4.5.3. Reliability and validity of the survey instrument 206
4.6. Data analysis method for this study 209
4.6.1. Assessing normality 209
4.6.2. Factor analysis 211
4.6.3. Descriptive analysis 214
4.6.4. Correlation 215
4.6.5. Multiple regression analysis 218
4.6.6. Chi-square test 220
4.6.7. Testing the mediating role of work-life conflicts 221
4.6.8. Testing of hypotheses 228
4.7. Conclusion 235
CHAPTER FIVE DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS 236
5.1. Introduction 236
5.2. Data editing and coding 236
5.3. Data screening 237
5.3.1. Step 1 - Checking for errors 238
5.3.2. Step 2 - Finding and correcting the errors in data file 240
5.4. Assessing the normality 247
5.5. Response rate 253
5.6. Respondent's profile 254
5.7. Characteristics of respondents by work-life conflict and work-life balance 261
5.8. Goodness of measures 266
5.8.1. Factor analysis 267
5.8.2. Reliability analysis 280
5.8.3. Descriptive statistics for variables 290
5.9. Correlation 291
5.10. Regression analysis 295
5.10.1. Multiple regression analysis 295
5.11. Mediation analysis 300
5.12. Hypotheses testing 304
5.13. Open Comments 305
5.13.1. Work-life demands dimensions 306
5.14. Interpretation of the study result 309
5.14.1. Work-life demands dimensions and work-life conflicts 309
5.14.2. Work-life demands dimensions and work-life balance 311
5.14.3. Work-life conflicts and work-life balance 312
5.14.4. Mediating role of work-life conflicts 313
5.15. Main findings 314
5.16. Conclusion 317
CHAPTER SIX IMPLICATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS 319
6.1. Introduction 319
6.2. Recapitulation 319
6.3. Implications of the research 321
6.3.1. Theoretical implications 322
6.3.2. Managerial implications 325
6.4. Limitations of the research 331
6.5. Recommendations for future research 333
6.6. Conclusions of the research 337
REFERENCES 341
국문초록 408
APPENDICES 18
APPENDIX A. [제목없음] 411
APPENDIX B. QUESTIONNAIRE 412
APPENDIX C. [제목없음] 421
APPENDIX D. [제목없음] 430
APPENDIX E. [제목없음] 438
APPENDIX F. [제목없음] 450
PUBLICATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH THIS THESIS 456
CONFERENCES ASSOCIATED WITH THIS THESIS 456
[Table 3.1] Monthly Foreign Tourist Arrivals (FTAs) in India and Kerala 154
[Table 3.2] Monthly arrival of domestic tourists in Kerala 158
[Table 3.3] Total direct and indirect revenue generated from tourism in Kerala 163
[Table 3.4] Total number of classified hotels in Kerala 171
[Table 3.5] Total number of hotel rooms in Kerala 172
[Table 3.6] Total number of employees in hotel industry in Kerala 173
[Table 3.7] Gender inequality in average salary/wages/earnings 177
[Table 3.8] Distribution of women workforce 179
[Table 4.1] Total number of female employees in various five-star hotels in... 188
[Table 4.2] Sampling distributions of five-star hotels in Kerala (January 28th -...[이미지참조] 196
[Table 4.3] Operational definitions of the constructs and the measurements 203
[Table 4.4] Cronbach's Alpha for dimensions of work-life demands 208
[Table 4.5] Cronbach's Alpha for work-life conflicts 208
[Table 4.6] Cronbach's Alpha for work-life balance 209
[Table 4.7] Steps in testing the mediation 224
[Table 5.1] Checking categorical variables 239
[Table 5.2] Checking continuous variables 240
[Table 5.3] Screening of missing data 242
[Table 5.4] Measures of the constructs and descriptive statistics 248
[Table 5.5] Rate of items in terms of numbers of questionnaire distribution 254
[Table 5.6] Respondents' profile 255
[Table 5.7] Respondents' background 256
[Table 5.8] Crosstab (Chi-Square) test for demographics: work-life conflict and... 264
[Table 5.9] Factor analysis of work-life demands dimensions 270
[Table 5.10] Factor analysis for work-life conflicts 278
[Table 5.11] Factor analysis for work-life balance 280
[Table 5.12] Item-total statistics for work-life demands 283
[Table 5.13] Item-total statistics for work-life conflicts 288
[Table 5.14] Item-total statistics for work-life balance 289
[Table 5.15] Results of descriptive statistics 291
[Table 5.16] Inter-correlation among variables 293
[Table 5.17] Correlations between work-life demands, work-life conflicts, and... 294
[Table 5.18] Results of regression analysis of work-life demands on work-life conflicts 295
[Table 5.19] Results of regression analysis of work-life demands and work-life... 298
[Table 5.20] Results of mediation analysis 302
[Table 5.21] Summary of hypothesis testing 304
[Table 5.22] Summary of empirical support for research findings of this study 316
[Figure 2.1] Traditional hierarchical organisational structure 94
[Figure 2.2] Structure of corporate chain hotels 96
[Figure 2.3] Grouping by functions 97
[Figure 2.4] Flat organisation structure 99
[Figure 2.5] Structure of a large hotel 101
[Figure 2.6] Organisational structure in a small hotel 102
[Figure 2.7] Theoretical framework for dimensions of work-life demands, work-life... 120
[Figure 3.1] Annual growth rates in the arrival of foreign tourists in Kerala 155
[Figure 3.2] Monthly comparison of foreign tourist arrival in Kerala 155
[Figure 3.3] Share of foreign tourist arrival to Kerala 156
[Figure 3.4] Region-wise foreign tourist visits in Kerala 157
[Figure 3.5] Annual growth rates in the arrival of domestic tourists in Kerala 159
[Figure 3.6] Monthly arrival of domestic tourists in Kerala 160
[Figure 3.7] Share of domestic tourist arrival from top ten States to Kerala 161
[Figure 3.8] Region-wise domestic tourist visits in Kerala 162
[Figure 3.9] Total revenue generated from tourism in $$ billion[이미지참조] 164
[Figure 3.10] Gender gap in computer and internet literacy 175
[Figure 3.11] Gender inequality in average salary/wages/earnings 178
[Figure 4.1] Skewness curves 210
[Figure 4.2] General mediation model 222
[Figure 4.3] Acceptance and rejection regions using two-tailed test 231
[Figure 4.4] Acceptance and rejection regions using one-tailed test (left tail) 232
[Figure 4.5] Acceptance and rejection regions using one-tailed test (right tail) 234
[Figure 5.1] Histogram of work-life demands on work-life conflicts 296
[Figure 5.2] Scatterplot of work-life demands on work-life conflicts 297
[Figure 5.3] Histogram of work-life demands and work-life conflicts on work-life balance 299
[Figure 5.4] Scatterplot of work-life demands and work-life conflicts on work-life balance 300
[Figure 5.5] Mediation analysis 301
[Figure 5.6] Work-life demands dimensions and the work-life conflicts 310
[Figure 5.7] Work-life demands dimensions and work-life balance 312
[Figure 5.8] Work-life conflicts and work-life balance 313
[Figure 5.9] Work-life conflicts mediates the relationship between work-life... 314
[Plate 3.1] Map of Kerala State, India 132
[Plate 3.2] Ananthapura Lake Temple, Kasaragod 136
[Plate 3.3] Kozhikode Beach 138
[Plate 3.4] Kottakkal Ayurvedic Research Centre, Malappuram 139
[Plate 3.5] Kathakali (Performing Art) 140
[Plate 3.6] Bolgatty Island in Kochi 142
[Plate 3.7] Keezharkuthu Waterfalls 143
[Plate 3.8] Aqua Tourism in Kottayam 145
[Plate 3.9] Backwater Cruise, Alappuzha 146
[Plate 3.10] Thangasseri in Kollam 148
[Plate 3.11] Sri Padmanabhaswamy Temple, Trivandrum 149