Title Page
Abstract
Contents
List of Abbreviations and Acronyms 14
Chapter I. Introduction 15
1.1. Background of the topic 15
1.2. Problem statement 19
1.3. Aim and objective of the research 22
1.4. Objectives of the study 22
1.5. Expected outcomes 22
1.6. Research questions 23
Chapter II. Literature review 25
2.1. Defining the EIA process 25
2.1.1. Screening 27
2.1.2. Scoping and baseline studies 27
2.1.3. Impact prediction and analysis 28
2.1.4. Mitigation and monitoring 30
2.1.5. Presentation of key findings and writing style 31
2.2. EIA process by European commission 32
2.3. The purpose of EIA 34
2.4. Effectiveness of EIA 35
2.5. Reviewing the quality of EIA report 37
2.6. Current review packages 39
2.6.1. Environmental impact statement review package (IAU, Oxford Brookes University) 40
2.6.2. European Commission's (EC) EIS Review Checklist 41
2.6.3. Lee and Colley review package (1999) 43
2.6.4. Current EIA review checklist in Myanmar 45
Chapter III. Research Methodology 47
3.1. Research design 50
3.2. Sampling procedure 52
3.3. Lee and Colley review package 52
3.4. Review Procedure 55
3.5. Minimum requirement for an EIA reports(Lee & Colley Review package, Lee et al. 1999) 57
3.6. Data Analysis 59
Chapter IV. Results and discussion 60
4.1. Analysis results by review area 63
4.1.1. Review area 1: description of the project and baseline condition 63
4.1.2. Review area 2: Identification and evaluation of the significant impact 70
4.1.3. Review Area 3: Alternative and mitigation measures 77
4.1.4. Review area 4: Presentation and layout of the report 83
4.1.5. Quality of EIA reports by review areas 87
4.1.6. Overall quality of EIA reports in Myanmar 89
4.2. Analysis of the questionnaire survey 91
4.2.1. EIA practice in Myanmar 98
4.2.2. Quality of EIA reports in Myanmar 103
4.2.3. Factors affecting the quality of environmental impact assessments in Myanmar 104
4.3. Solutions to improve the quality of EIA reports in Myanmar 113
4.4. Suggestions to enhance EIA practices in Myanmar 114
Chapter V. Conclusions and recommendations 115
5.1. Conclusions 115
5.2. Recommendation for improving EIA practice in Myanmar 118
References 121
Appendices 126
Appendix A. Lee & Colley review package 126
Appendix B. Review results of 30 EIA reports 140
Appendix C. List of interviewees and questions 154
Appendix D. Questionnaire for the EIA practitioners 156
요약 175
Table 1.1. Project categorization for mining sector 17
Table 2.1. EIA process by European Comission (Cont.) 32
Table 2.2. Concepts for evaluating the effectiveness of EIA 37
Table 2.3. Assessment symbols of Oxford Brookes University review package 41
Table 2.4. Assessment symbols of Lee and Colley review package 44
Table 3.1. Wood's criteria to evaluate the effectiveness of EIA system (Cont.) 48
Table 3.2. List of assessment symbols 54
Table 4.1. List of selected EIAs/IEEs and EMPs (Cont.) 60
Table 4.2. List of assessment symbols 62
Table 4.3. Analysis results by review category 64
Table 4.4. Overall results of review sub-categories of project description 65
Table 4.5. The results of review sub categories of site description 66
Table 4.6. Review results of review subcategories of waste management 67
Table 4.7. Review results of sub-categories of environmental description 68
Table 4.8. Review results of sub-categories of baseline conditions 69
Table 4.9. Review results of review area 2 71
Table 4.10. The results of review sub-categories of definition of impact 72
Table 4.11. Review results of review sub-categories of identification of impacts 73
Table 4.12. Review results of review subcategories of impact scoping 74
Table 4.13. Results of review sub-categories of impact prediction 75
Table 4.14. Results of review sub-categories of significant impact assessment 76
Table 4.15. Evaluation result of review category 3.2 79
Table 4.16. Review results of review sub-categories of commitment to... 81
Table 4.17. Review results of sub-categories of Emergency response plan 82
Table 4.18. Quality of EIA s by each review area 88
Table 4.19. Comparing the current research findings and the previous study... 90
Table 4.20. Analysis results for survey question. purpose of EIA 99
Table 4.21. strengths of EIA practice in Myanmar 100
Table 4.22. Weaknesses of EIA practice of Myanmar 101
Table 4.23. survey results on the quality of EIA 103
Table 4.24. Screening categories of EIA 105
Table 4.25. Factors affecting the quality of EIA reports in Myanmar 110
Figure 1.1. Number of EIAs/ IEEs, EMP received from 2014-2018 19
Figure 1.2. Research framework 24
Figure 2.1. Important steps in the EIA process 26
Figure 2.2. The nature of an environmental impact 29
Figure 2.3. The pyramid structure of Lee & Colley review package 44
Figure 3.1. Dimension of focus of evaluation 47
Figure 3.2. The assessment pyramid 54
Figure 3.3. The pyramid structure of Lee & Colley review package 55
Figure 4.1. Overall evaluation results of review area 1 64
Figure 4.2. Evaluation review results of review area 2 70
Figure 4.3. Evaluation results of review area 3 77
Figure 4.4. Review results of review category 3.1: Alternative and mitigation measure 78
Figure 4.5. Result of review category 4.1: layout of the report 83
Figure 4.6. Results of review category 4.2: presentation of the report 84
Figure 4.7. Review results for review category 4.3: Emphasis and unbiased 85
Figure 4.8. Review results of review category 4.4: non-technical summary 86
Figure 4.9. Quality of EIAs showing Grade A to F 88
Figure 4.10. Overall quality of EIAs in Myanmar 89
Figure 4.11. Satisfactory rate (A-C) and unsatisfactory rate (D-F) of EIA... 90
Figure 4.12. Respondents' working area 92
Figure 4.13. Current career of the respondents 93
Figure 4.14. Respondents' Experience in EIA field 94
Figure 4.15. Respondents' involved EIA reports 94
Figure 4.16. Respondents' expert field in EIA 95
Figure 4.17. The environmental components that respondents specialized 96
Figure 4.18. Organization Structure of Environmental conservation Department 97
Figure 4.19. Number of respondents working in different EIA sectors 98
Figure 4.20. facilities and resources for government staff 108
Figure 4.21. Bar Chart showing agreement level on the factors affecting EIAs 111
Figure 4.22. Suggestions to improve the quality of EIAs/ EISs in Myanmar 113