Title Page
Contents
CHAPTER Ⅰ. Introduction 10
References 11
CHAPTER Ⅱ. LITERATURE REVIEW 14
2.1. Current issue 14
2.2. Impact of heat stress in pigs 14
2.3. Temperature and humidity index 15
2.4. Summary 16
2.5. References 17
CHAPTER Ⅲ. Effects of Temperature and Humidity Index on Growth Performance, Plasma Blood Profiles and behaviors of Growing-Finishing pigs 20
3.1. Abstract 20
3.2. Materials and methods 21
3.2.1. Temperature and humidity index 21
3.2.2. Animals and experimental design 21
3.2.3. Facility 22
3.2.4. Growth and sample collection 22
3.2.5. Measurements 23
3.2.6. Statistical analyses 23
3.3. Results and discussion 24
3.4. Conclusion 26
3.5. References 28
CHAPTER Ⅳ. Effects of Temperature and Humidity Index on Immune Responses of Growing and Finishing pigs 41
4.1. Abstract 41
4.2. Materials and methods 42
4.2.1. Temperature and humidity index 42
4.2.2. Experimental design, animals, and housing 42
4.2.3. Sample collection and analysis 43
4.2.4. Statistical analysis 43
4.3. Results and discussion 44
4.4. Conclusion 45
4.5. References 46
CHAPTER Ⅴ. Effects of Temperature and Humidity Index on Gut Microbiota of Growing and Finishing pigs 53
5.1. Abstract 53
5.2. Materials and methods 54
5.2.1. Temperature and humidity index 54
5.2.2. Experimental design, animals, and housing 54
5.2.3. Sample collection and analysis 55
5.2.4. Statistical analysis 56
5.3. Results and discussion 56
5.4. Conclusion 58
5.5. References 59
CHAPTER Ⅵ. Effects of Temperature and Humidity Index on Metabolite of Growing and Finishing pigs 71
6.1. Abstract 71
6.2. Materials and methods 72
6.2.1. Temperature and humidity index 72
6.2.2. Animals, environment condition, and experimental design 72
6.2.3. Facility 73
6.2.4. Sample collection and processing 73
6.2.5. Metabolite extraction from pig serum 73
6.2.6. Chemical derivatization for GC/MS analysis 74
6.2.7. GC/MS analysis 74
6.2.8. Identification of the metabolites 74
6.2.9. Statistical analysis 75
6.3. Results and discussion 75
6.4. Conclusion 79
6.5. References 80
CHAPTER Ⅶ. Overall Summary 89
ABSTRACT IN KOREAN 94
Table 3.1. Composition of basal diet for growing and finishing pigs (as-fed basis) 33
Table 3.2. Effect of temperature and humidity on growth performance of growing pigs 34
Table 3.3. Effect of temperature and humidity on growth performance of finishing pigs 35
Table 3.4. Effect of temperature and humidity on blood profile of growing pigs 36
Table 3.5. Effect of temperature and humidity on blood profile of finishing pigs 38
Table 3.6. Effects of temperature and humidity on behavior of finishing pigs 40
Table 4.1. Composition of basal diet for growing and finishing pigs (as-fed basis) 48
Table 4.2. Effects of temperature and humidity on immune and stress responses of growing pigs 49
Table 4.3. Effects of temperature and humidity on immune and stress responses of finishing pigs 51
Table 5.1. Composition of basal diet for growing and finishing pigs (as-fed basis) 62
Table 5.2. Effects of environmental treatments on bacterial alpha diversity of growing pigs 63
Table 5.3. Effects of environmental treatments on bacterial alpha diversity of finishing pigs 64
Table 6.1. Composition of basal diet for growing and finishing pigs (as-fed basis) 86
Figure 5.1. PCoA based on weighted UniFrac distance of fecal microbiota of growing pigs (n=3). The six differently abundant bacteria represent the number of variables in the... 65
Figure 5.2. PCoA based on weighted UniFrac distance of fecal microbiota of finishing pigs (n=3). The six differently abundant bacteria represent the number of variables in the... 66
Figure 5.3. Taxonomic classification of total bacteria at phylum levels retrieved from pooled DNA amplicons from feces of TG and HG during growing period. TG=... 67
Figure 5.4. Taxonomic classification of total bacteria at genus levels retrieved from pooled DNA amplicons from feces of TG and HG during growing period. TG=Thermoneutral... 68
Figure 5.5. Taxonomic classification of total bacteria at phylum levels retrieved from pooled DNA amplicons from feces of TF and HF during finishing period. TF=... 69
Figure 5.6. Taxonomic classification of total bacteria at genus levels retrieved from pooled DNA amplicons from feces of TG and HG during finishing period. TF=... 70
Figure 6.1. PCA analysis for serum metabolites of pig group (A and B, Finishing pig; C and D, Growing pig). In loading plot, potential biomarkers were marked as bright green colored.... 87
Figure 6.2. Peak height comparison and statistical analysis for metabolites selected as potential biomarker (A, Finishing pig; B, Growing pig) Meaning of pig group abbreviation; Temperature 24~25℃ + humidity 35%=GT; Temperature 31~32℃ + humidity 80%=GH; Temperature 24~25℃ + humidity 35%... 88