Title Page
Abstract
국문 요약
Contents
Chapter 1. Introduction 12
Chapter 2. Literature review 14
2.1. Membrane technology 14
2.2. Classification according to material of membrane 16
2.3. Membrane reactor 17
2.4. Membrane fouling and its control 18
2.5. Membrane cleaning 20
2.6. Back transport phenomena 21
2.7. Effect of alginate on membrane fouling 23
Chapter 3. Materials and methods 24
3.1. Reactor design and operation 24
3.2. Analytical methods 27
Chapter 4. Results and discussions 28
4.1. Permeability of alumina coated ceramic membrane 29
4.2. Effect of permeate flux on membrane fouling 29
4.3. Effect of pH on membrane fouling 31
4.4. Effect of cations on membrane fouling 33
4.4.1. Effect of divalent cations addition on membrane fouling 33
4.4.2. Effect of monovalent cations addition on membrane fouling 36
4.4.3. Molecular change under mono- or divalent cations addition 37
4.5. Mechanical scouring effect on membrane fouling 43
Chapter 5. Conclusions 50
References 52
Table 2.1. Chemicals used for membrane cleaning 21
Table 4.1. Experimental conditions for sodium alginate treatment 28
Table 4.2. Effect of pH change on particle size of feed solutions 33
Table 4.3. Particle sizes of sodium aliginate solutions under mono- or... 39
Fig. 2.1. Membrane filtration methods; (a) dead-end filtration method, (b)... 16
Fig. 2.2. Configurations of membrane reactor; (a) pressurized method... 18
Fig. 2.3. Particle back-transport diffusivities from combined brownian... 22
Fig. 3.1. (a) Schematic of submerged, fluidized bed membrane reactor... 24
Fig. 4.1. Permeability of flat-tubular alumina coated ceramic membrane. 29
Fig. 4.2. Effect of increasing permeate flux on the TMP change with time 30
Fig. 4.3. TOC removal efficiency in different permeate flux (model foulant... 31
Fig. 4.4. Effect of increasing pH of sodium alginate bulk solution on the... 32
Fig. 4.5. TOC removal efficiency in different pH (model foulant solution SA... 33
Fig. 4.6. Effect of various concentration of CaCl₂ on membrane fouling 34
Fig. 4.7. Effect of divalent cations addition to alginate solution on... 35
Fig. 4.8. TOC removal efficiency in divalent cations added condition (model... 35
Fig. 4.9. Effect of monovalent cations addition to alginate solution on... 36
Fig. 4.10. TOC removal efficiency in monovalent cations added condition 37
Fig. 4.11. DOC of sodium alginate solutions under mono- or divalent... 39
Fig. 4.12. SEM images of the membrane surface after dead-end filtration;... 41
Fig. 4.13. SEM-EDX of the membrane surface after dead-end filtration;... 42
Fig. 4.14. Effect of introducing scouring media on membrane fouling 44
Fig. 4.15. Cake and irreversible fouling with and without scouring media 44
Fig. 4.16. Effect of introducing scouring media on membrane fouling at pH7 45
Fig. 4.17. Effect of introducing scouring media on membrane fouling at pH... 45
Fig. 4.18. Effect of scouring media on membrane fouling under KCl added... 46
Fig. 4.19. Effect of scouring media on membrane fouling under NaCl added... 47
Fig. 4.20. Membrane fouling control strategies for sodium alginate treatment... 47
Fig. 4.21. Effect of mono- or divalent cations addition to alginate bulk... 48
Fig. 4.22. Schematic illustration of membrane fouling by sodium alginate and... 49