Title Page
Contents
I. Introduction 7
II. Literature Review 8
1. Live Streaming Technology 8
1.1. Key aspects of live streaming. 8
1.2. Differences between Facebook Live and Twitch. 16
1.3. Differences between live streaming and other similar media. 19
2. Live Streaming and Current Educational Usage 20
2.1. Educational images for online and distance education. 20
2.2. Lectures and webinars. 22
2.3. Interactive listening activities. 24
2.4. Flipped classroom application. 24
2.5. Informal and out of class learning. 25
3. Translingual Negotiation Strategies 27
III. Methods and Analysis 31
1. Participants 32
1.1. Ethical considerations. 33
2. Setting 34
3. Data collection 34
4. Data analysis 36
5. Data Display 37
IV. Results and Discussion 39
1. Accommodation strategies in the IRC 39
1.1. Let it pass. 39
1.2. Make it normal. 45
2. Code meshing and discourse communities 47
2.1. Donations and subscriptions. 48
2.2. Chat's usage of hogu. 50
3. Collaboration and learning 53
3.1. Monitoring language through the IRC. 53
3.2. Selecting language from the IRC. 56
4. Power dynamics 62
4.1. Interaction control. 63
4.2. Maintaining voice and identity. 64
5. TESOL implications 67
5.1. Flipped classrooms. 68
5.2. In-class applications. 70
V. Conclusion 73
References 75
Glossary 80
Abstract 83