Title Page
ABSTRACT
Contents
ABBREVIATION 13
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 15
1.1. General Introduction 15
1.2. Research Objective 20
1.3. Scope and Limitation of the Research 21
1.4. Research Methodology 22
CHAPTER II: GENERAL OVERVIEW OF THE REFUGEE AND REFUGEE CHILDREN 24
2.1. History of Refugee Protection 24
2.2. Legal Status of Refugees in International Law 27
2.2.1. Definition of Refugee 28
2.2.2. Terms relating to Refugee 31
2.3. Children Rights and Children Refugee 36
2.3.1. Definition of the Child 36
2.3.2. Children's Rights History Background 39
2.3.3. Refugee Children 41
CHAPTER III: LEGAL FRAMEWORK ON REFUGEE CHILDREN FLEEING INTO THE UNITED STATES 46
3.1. International Human Rights Standards 47
3.1.1. Universal Declaration of Human Rights 47
3.1.2. The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 49
3.1.3. Convention and Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees 51
3.1.4. Convention against Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment 54
3.1.5. United Nations Body Principles for the Protection of All Person under Any Form of Detention or Imprisonment 55
3.1.6. The Convention on the Rights of the Child 56
3.2. Regional Human Rights Standards 60
3.2.1. American Declaration on the Rights and Duties of Man 60
3.2.2. The American Convention on Human Rights 61
3.2.3. The European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms 62
3.2.4. Arab Charter on Human Rights 63
3.2.5. African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights 65
3.3. Conclusion 66
CHAPTER IV: THE ISSUE AND KEY RESPONSE TO VIOLATION OF CHILD REFUGEE FROM NORTHERN TRIANGLE CROSSING INTO THE UNITED STATES 69
4.1. Awareness of Immigration Children from the Northern Triangle and 'Zero Tolerance Policy' 69
4.1.1. Current Situation in Northern Central America 69
4.1.2. The 'Zero Tolerance' Policy 75
4.2. The Violations of Children Rights regarding to the Child Refugee in Custody 83
4.2.1. Right to life 83
4.2.2. Right to Education 85
4.2.3. Right to Health 87
4.2.4. Right of Freedom from Arbitrary Detention 89
4.2.5. Right of Family Unity 90
4.2.6. Right to Non-discrimination 92
4.2.7. Right to Asylum 93
4.2.8. Right to be Protected from Torture and Inhumane Treatment 96
4.3. Regional and International Response toward the Refugee Children Detention in the United States 97
4.3.1. Regional Response - Inter American Commissioner on Human Right 97
4.3.2. International Response 99
4.4. Conclusion 107
CHAPTER V: RECOMMENDATION TO TERMINATE THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN SEPARATED FROM PARENTS 110
5.1. The Analysis of Child Detention as Crime Against Humanity 111
5.1.1. The Analysis of Detained Refugee Children case as Crime against Humanity 112
5.1.2. The applicability of the ICC Jurisdiction on Crime against Refugee Children Detention in the United States 114
5.2. Recommendation to the United States Government 118
5.2.1. Enacting Regulation of Prohibition on Family Separation 118
5.2.2. Ending the Family Separation 119
5.2.3. Ending the Children Immigration Detention 121
5.2.4. Promoting and Protecting the Rights of the Refugee Children 123
5.2.5. The US should ratify the International Convention on the Protection of Children 125
CHAPTER VI: CONCLUSION 127
REFERENCE 131