Title Page
ABSTRACT
Contents
LISTS OF ABBREVIATIONS 15
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 16
1.1. General Introduction 16
1.2. Study Objectives 19
1.3. Research Methodology 20
1.4. Limitation of the Study 20
CHAPTER II: THE OVERVIEW OF FORCED CHILD BEGGING 24
2.1. The Concept of Forced Child Begging 24
2.1.1. Explanation of Significant Words 25
2.1.2. Nature of Forced Child Begging across the globe 29
2.2. The Involvement of Forced Child Begging 33
2.2.1. Monitors of Forced Child Beggars 34
2.2.2. Causes of Forced Child Begging 36
2.2.3. Targeted Victims of Forced Child Begging 38
2.2.4. The Impacts on Child Beggars 41
2.3. Conclusion 44
CHAPTER III: LEGAL FRAMEWORK OF THE PROTECTION CHILDREN'S RIGHTS AGAINST HUMAN TRAFFICKING REGARDING THE CHILD BEGGING 45
3.1. International Legal Frameworks 45
3.1.1. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) 45
3.1.2. The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) 48
3.1.3. The Slavery Conventions (1955), Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery, the Slave Trade and Institutions and Practices 50
3.1.4. The Convention on the Rights of the Child 52
3.1.5. The Optional Protocol on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography 54
3.1.6. The United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Person, Especially Women and Children 56
3.1.7. Model Law against Trafficking in Persons 58
3.1.8. International Labor Organization Conventions 60
3.2. Regional Human Rights Legal Frameworks 62
3.2.1. The African Charter on Human and People's Rights 62
3.2.2. The African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of a Child 64
3.2.3. Protocol to the African Charter on Human and People's Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa 68
3.2.4. Declaration on the Fight against Trafficking in Persons of the Economic Community of West African States 69
3.2.5. Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam 70
3.3. Conclusion 71
CHAPTER IV: CASE ANALYSIS ON THE ISSUE OF FORCED CHILD BEGGING IN SENEGAL 75
4.1. General Introduction of Senegal and the Existence of Forced Child Begging 76
4.1.1. Essential Terminologies 76
4.1.2. Introducing to Senegalese Society, Culture and Religion 77
4.1.3. The History of the Forced Child Begging regarding the Educational Religion in Senegalese Society 79
4.2. Causes and Effects of Forced Child Begging in Senegal 80
4.2.1. Reasons of Forced Child Begging in Senegal 81
4.2.2. Impact on Child Beggars in Senegal 85
4.3. The Violations of Child Rights regarding the Child Begging in Senegal 90
4.3.1. Right to life 90
4.3.2. Standard of living 91
4.3.3. Standard of Health 93
4.3.4. Education 95
4.3.5. Right to Rest and Leisure 96
4.3.6. Right to be Protected from Economic Exploitation 97
4.3.7. Right to be Protected from Sexual Abuse 99
4.3.8. Right to be Protected from Torture 100
4.4. National Legal Frameworks to Protect Children 102
4.4.1. Constitution of Senegal 103
4.4.2. Anti-Trafficking Law 104
4.4.3. Penal Code of Senegal 105
4.5. Governmental Projects regarding the Issue 106
4.6. Enforcement Challenges 109
4.7. Conclusion 112
CHAPTER V: THE CRIMINAL LIABILITY AND THE PROPOSAL FOR SENEGALESE GOVERNMENT REGARDING THE ISSUE OF FORCED CHILD BEGGING 114
5.1. Criminal Responsibility regarding forced child begging issue 115
5.1.1. The Analysis of Forced Child Begging Case as Crime Against Humanity 116
5.1.2. The Applicability of the ICC Jurisdiction on Crimes against Forced Child Begging in Senegal 118
5.2. The ICC Duty 122
5.2.1. Unwillingness 122
5.2.2. Inability 123
5.2.3. Case Analysis 125
5.3. Recommending to the Senegalese Government 126
5.3.1. Amending Article 3 of Anti-Trafficking Law No. 2005-06 126
5.3.2. Amending Article 298 of the Penal Code 127
5.3.3. Accelerating the Process of Enacting the Regulatory Standard for Daaras 128
5.3.4. Preventing the Interference of the Religious Leaders 130
5.3.5. Strengthening the Enforcement and Security of the Cross-Border Line 131
5.3.6. Involvement of International Community for Financial Supports 132
5.3.7. Improving Child Protection Services 133
5.4. Conclusion 134
CHAPTER VI: CONCLUSION 139
REFERENCES 144