Title Page
ABSTRACT
Contents
CHAPTER I-INTRODUCTION 9
1. Introduction 9
2. Research Purpose and Writing Structure 13
3. Research Methodology 15
CHAPTER II-PROHIBITION AND JUSTIFICATION ON THE USE OF FORCE IN INTERNATIONAL RELATION 17
1. Prohibition on the Use of Force - Historical Context 17
2. Prohibition on the Use of Force - Article 2(4) of the Charter of United Nations 21
2.1. International Relations 21
2.2. Attribution 22
2.3. Territorial Integrity and Political Independence 25
3. Justification for the Use of Force 26
3.1. Exception to Article 2(4) of Charter of United Nations 26
3.2. Self-denfence 27
3.3. Authorization - Chapter VII of Charter of United Nations 41
3.4. Doctrine of Humanitarian Intervention and Responsibility to Protect 42
4. Sub-Conclusion 46
CHAPTER III-COUNTERTERRORISM BY THE USE OF FORCE 48
1. Terrorism and Counterterrorism 48
1.1. Definition of Terrorism 48
1.2. International Law on Counterterrorism 53
2. Development of International Use of Force against Terrorism through Practice of States 60
2.1. Cases before the 9/11 Case Concerning the Use of Force against Terrorism 60
2.2. Operating Enduring Freedom 67
2.3. Cases after the 9/11 Case Concerning the Use of Force against Terrorism 70
2.4. Counterterrorism Trends - Impact of the 9/11 Case 72
3. Sub-conclusion 77
CHAPTER IV-LEGALITY OF THE UNITED KINGDOM'S USE OF FORCE IN SYRIA IN 2015 80
1. The IS in Syria and the United Kingdom's Involvement in Syria starting in December 2015 80
1.1. Background to the Internal Conflict in Syria 80
1.2. The Emergence of the IS in Syria 82
1.3. Resolution 2249 (2015) of the Security Council 85
1.4. United Kingdom's Involvement in Syria in December 2015 87
1.5. United Kingdom's Perspective on the Legal Basic for the Use of Force in Syria 90
2. The Legality of the United Kingdom's Use of Force in Syria in December 2015 93
2.1. Applying International Law in Examining the United Kingdom's Use of Force 93
2.2. Individual Self-Defence 94
2.3. Collective Self-Defence 98
2.4. Authorization - Chapter VII of the UN Charter 104
2.5. The Unable or Unwilling Doctrine 108
2.6. The Doctrine of Humanitarian Intervention and Responsibility to Protect 110
2.7. Principle of Diplomatic Protection 112
3. Sub-conclusion 118
CHAPTER V-CONCLUSION 120
REFERENCES 126