Title Page
ABSTRACT
Contents
ABBREVIATION 15
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION 17
1-1. Study Objectives 21
1-2. Scope and Limitation of the Study 23
1-3. Research Methodology 24
CHAPTER II. THE GENERAL OVERVIEW AND THE INTERNATIOAL LEGAL FRAMEWORK OF OPERATING CLUSTER MUNITIONS DURING ARMED CONFLICT 25
2-1. Historical Background of Cluster Munitions 25
2-1.1. The Existence of Cluster Munitions in World War II 26
2-1.2. U.S Force's Use of Cluster Munitions in Southeast Asia 27
2-1.3. NATO's Use of Cluster Munitions against Former Yugoslavia 29
2-2. The International Legal Frameworks of Using Cluster Munitions 31
2-2.1. The 1868 St. Petersburg Declaration 31
2-2.2. The 1874 Brussels Convention on the Law and Customs of War 32
2-2.3. The 1899 and 1907 Hague Conventions 33
2-2.4. The 1923 Rules of Air Warfare 34
2-2.5. The 1980 United Nations Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons, and Protocol V on Explosive Remnants of War 36
2-2.6. The 1997 Mine Ban Treaty 38
2-2.7. The 2002 Rome Statute of International Criminal Court 39
2-2.8. International Humanitarian Law 40
2-2.9. International Disarmament Law 41
2-3. The 2008 Convention on Cluster Munitions 43
2-3.1. History of Convention on Cluster Munitions 43
2-3.2. Purposes of CCM 45
2-3.3. Definition and Types of Cluster Munitions 46
2-3.3. Scope and Specificity 51
2-3.4. Success and Critique of CCM 52
2-3.5. National Implementation Measure 54
2-4. Conclusion 55
CHAPTER III. THE INTRODUCTION OF FACTUAL DEVELOPMENT WITHIN SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC AND REPUBLIC OF YEMEN AND KEY RESPONSES TO CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY AGAINST USING CLUSTER MUNITIONS 57
3-1. General Background Issue of the Syrian Arab Republic and the Republic of Yemen 57
3-1.1. The Origin of Conflict Crisis and Timeline of Cluster Munitions Activity in Syria 58
3-1.2. The Origin of Conflict Crisis and Timeline of Saudi Arabian Utilizing Cluster Munitions in the Republic of Yemen 68
3-2. The Challenges to Prohibition of Using Cluster Munitions in the Syrian Arab Republic and the Republic of Yemen 75
3-2.1. The Challenges to Prohibition of Using Cluster Munitions in the Syrian Arab Republic 75
3-2.2. The Challenges to Prohibition of Using Cluster Munitions in the Republic of Yemen 80
3-3. International Response to the Use of Cluster Munitions in Syria and Yemen 84
3-3.1. Missions of UN in Syria and Yemen 85
3-3.2. UN Independent Investigation 86
3-4. Regional Response Toward the Utilization of Cluster Munitions in Syria and Yemen 88
3-4.1. League of Arab States on the Syria and Yemen Issues 88
3-4.2. European Union's Reaction to the Yemen Crisis 89
3-5. Conclusion 91
CHAPTER IV. THE CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY OF USING CLUSTER MUNITIONS IN SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC AND REPUBLIC OF YEMEN 94
4-1. The Legal Source of International Criminal Law 94
4-1.1. International Treaties 95
4-1.2. Customary International Law 97
4-1.3. General Principle and Judicial Decision 98
4-2. The Jurisdiction of ICC on the Cluster Munitions Use 99
4-2.1. Jurisdiction of Complementarity 100
4-2.2. Treaty-based Jurisdiction 102
4-2.3. Security-based Jurisdiction 103
4-3. The Individual Criminal Responsibility of Using Cluster Munitions 107
4-3.1. General Concepts of Individual Criminal Liability under Article 25 of the Rome Statute 108
4-3.2. International Criminal Court Jurisdiction on the Individual Responsibility 110
4-3.3. Punishment Prescribed by International Criminal Law 113
4-3.4. The responsibility of States for International Crimes 114
4-4. The Civil Liability of Operating Cluster Munitions 115
4-4.1. General Concept of Civil Liability under International Law 115
4-4.2. Legal Remedy for Internationally Wrongful Acts 116
4-5. The Legal Analysis of Cluster Munitions as Types of Crimes under the Rome Statute in Syria and Yemen 117
4-5.1. War Crimes 117
4-5.2. Crimes Against Humanity 129
4-5.3. The Analysis of Cluster Munitions as Crimes against Humanity in Syria and Yemen 134
4-6. Conclusion 137
CHAPTER V. THE IMPLEMENTATION ON FURTHER DEVELOPMENT OF THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL LAW REGARDING CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY OF USING CLUSTER MUNITIONS DURING ARMED CONFLICT 140
5-1. The Implementation on The International Criminal Law by The International, Regional Organization and State Response 142
5-1.1. The Urgent of an "ICC Referral" from the UN Security Council 142
5-1.2. Targeted Sanctions against Individuals 146
5-1.3. The Establishment of the Investigative Mechanism Specific on Cluster Munitions 153
5-2. Problem Solving at the National Level 154
5-2.1. The Establishment of Extraordinary Tribunal in Syria and Yemen 155
5-2.2. The Implementation of Universal Jurisdiction 157
CHAPTER VI. CONCLUSION 161
REFERENCES 166