Title Page
Contents
ABSTRACT 12
CHAPTER 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION 14
1.1. Background of the study 14
1.2. Problem statement 15
1.3. Research questions 16
1.4. Hypotheses 16
1.5. Objectives of the study 16
1.5.1. General objective 16
1.5.2. Specific objectives 16
1.6. Significance of the study 17
1.6.1. Personal interest 17
1.6.2. Academic and Scientific interest 17
1.6.3. Social interest 17
1.7. Scope of the study 18
1.7.1. Time scope 18
1.7.2. Scope in domain 18
1.7.3. Scope in space 18
1.8. Structure of the study 18
CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 20
2.1. Introduction 20
2.2. Definition of Key concepts 20
2.2.1. Rural population 20
2.2.2. Electrification 20
2.2.3. Standard of living 21
2.3. Theoretical framework 21
2.3.1. Individual Agency Theory 21
2.3.2. Anthony Giddens' Structuration Theory 22
2.3.3. Development as Freedom Theory by Armatya Sen 23
2.4. Empirical review 23
2.4.1. Impact of electrification to the improvement of standard of living 25
2.4.2. Overviews on electricity in developing countries 26
2.4.3. Electrification in rural area 28
2.5. Conceptual framework 30
2.6. Summary 30
CHAPTER 3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 32
3.1. Introduction 32
3.2. Research design 32
3.3. The Population of the Study 32
3.4. Sampling 33
3.5. Data collection techniques 33
3.5.1. Questionnaire 33
3.5.2. Documentation 34
3.6. Data analysis and presentation 34
3.7. Validity and Reliability Tests 35
3.8. Data Processing 35
3.9. Quality control/Ethical Consideration 35
CHAPTER 4. DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION 36
4.1. Introduction 36
4.2. Respondents profile 36
4.3. Entrepreneurial activities undertaken by residents of Kamonyi District after accessing on electricity. 38
4.4. Benefits of electrification in Kamonyi District 41
4.5. Contribution of electrification to the poverty reduction in Kamonyi District. 43
4.6. The contribution of electricity in increasing monthly income 44
4.7. The contribution of electricity in increasing monthly saving 46
4.8. Contribution of electricity to poverty reduction by improving social conditions of Kamonyi District residents 47
4.9. Challenges facing residents of Kamonyi District in the use of electricity. 50
4.10. Relationship between electrification and improvement of standard of living of rural people in Kamonyi district 53
CHAPTER 5. SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 57
5.1. Introduction 57
5.2. Summary. 57
5.3. Conclusion 59
5.4. Recommendations 59
REFERENCES 61
APPENDIX 63
초록 70
Table4.1. Classification of respondents by gender 36
Table4.2. Age of respondents 37
Table4.3. Education level attained 38
Table4.4. Activities undertaken after accessing electricity 38
Table4.5. Benefits of electrification in Kamonyi District 41
Table4.6. Contribution of electricity in poverty reduction due to the... 43
Table4.7. Monthly income (in Rwandan franc) Before accessing on... 44
Table4.8. Monthly income (in Rwandan franc) After accessing on... 45
Table4.9. Monthly saving(in Rwandan franc) Before accessing electricity 46
Table4.10. Monthly saving(in Rwandan franc) After accessing electricity 46
Table4.11. Contribution of electricity in improving socio conditions 47
Table4.12. Contribution of electricity to poverty reduction to women residents... 48
Table4.13. Economic challenges faced by residents of Kamonyi District in... 51
Table4.14. Social challenges faced by residents of Kamonyi District in the use... 52
Table4.15. Model Summary 54
Table4.16. Presentation of ANOVA 54
Table4.17. Presentation of Coefficients 55
Table4.18. Correlations 56