Title Page
Abstract
Contents
Abbreviations and Acronyms 12
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION 13
1.1. Background Information 13
1.2. Problem Statement 15
1.3. Study Objectives 17
1.4. Conceptual Framework 17
CHAPTER II. LITERATURE REVIEW 20
1.1. The Place of Wood-based Energy 20
3.2. The Demand and Supply of Wood Fuel Energy in Kenya 21
3.3. Challenges of Wood Fuel Dependency 22
3.4. Studies on Wood Fuel Use in Kenya 24
CHAPTER III. METHODOLOGY 27
3.1. Study Area 27
3.2. Research Method 31
3.2.1. Primary Data 31
3.2.2. Secondary Data 33
3.3. Sampling Design 33
3.4. Data Analysis 34
CHAPTER IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 36
4.1. Characteristics of the Respondents and Households 36
4.1.1. Gender 36
4.1.2. Age, Education and Occupation of Household Heads 36
4.1.3. Land Holding and Land-Use 38
4.1.4. House Type and Lighting Energy 40
4.2. Household Cooking Energy 41
4.3. Factors Determining the Choice and Quantity of Cooking Fuel 45
4.3.1. Household Income 45
4.3.2. Household Size 49
4.4. Impacts of Dependence on Woodfuel and Options for Adopting Forest Conserving Energy 53
4.4.1. Impacts of Dependence on Wood-based Fuels 53
4.4.2. Options for Adopting Forest Conserving Energy 56
CHAPTER V. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 59
5.1. Conclusion 59
5.2. Recommendation 60
LITERATURE CITED 61
APPENDICES 65
Appendix 1. Household Survey Questionnaire 65
Appendix 2. Interview Schedule for Relevant Government and NGO Officials 69
Appendix 3. Interview Schedule for Energy Suppliers 70
Appendix 4. Operational Definitions 71
요약 72
Table 1. Population in Study Area and the Number Households Selected for Survey... 34
Table 2. Gender of Respondents 36
Table 3. Age of Household Heads 37
Table 4. Land Sizes 39
Table 5. Land Acquisition by Households 39
Table 6. Monthly Average Fuelwood and Charcoal Consumption by Households 43
Table 7. Households Using Each Fuel as Primary Cooking Fuel per Income Level 45
Table 8. Correlation Analysis of Average Household Income and the Primary Fuels... 46
Table 9. ANOVA of Household Income on Main Cooking Fuel, Fuelwood Quantity... 48
Table 10. Size of households 49
Table 11. Correlation between Household Size and Primary Energy Type Used... 50
Table 12. Correlation between Household Size and Fuelwood Quantity Used... 51
Table 13. Household Primary Cooking Energy Based on Distance from Homestead... 51
Table 14. Regression Analysis of Distance to Forest and Main Cooking Fuel Type... 52
Table 15. Regression Analysis of Distance to Forest and Source of Fuelwood... 53
Table 16. Amount of Dead and Fallen Wood Reduced in Forest due to Over... 54
Table 17. Reason for Preferring the New Cooking Fuel 56
Figure 1. Conceptual framework for Household Cooking Energy Use and Sources... 19
Figure 2. Kakamega Forest in Western Kenya 27
Figure 3. Sub-locations (lowest level administrative units) bordering Kakamega... 30
Figure 4. Education Level of Household Heads 37
Figure 5. Occupation of Household Heads 38
Figure 6. Tree Planting Types 40
Figure 7. Type of House Respondents Live In 40
Figure 8. Light Energy Used by Households 41
Figure 9. The Primary Cooking Fuel (used most) by Households 42
Figure 10. Cooking Energy Types Used by Households 42
Figure 11. Source of Fuelwood for Households 44
Figure 12. Type of Cookstoves Used by Households 44
Figure 13. Number of Households and their Mean Monthly Fuelwood Consumption... 47
Figure 14. Sources of Fuelwood per Income Groups 48
Figure 15. Relation between Household Size and Primary Fuel Used 50
Figure 16. Distance to Forest Boundary and Household Source of Fuelwood 52
Figure 17. Use of Woodfuel by Community Affecting Forest Cover, Quality and... 54
Figure 18. Ways to Respond to Environmental and Socio-Economic Impacts of... 55
Figure 19. Cooking Fuels to Wish to Change 56
Figure 20. Circumstances that Would Enable Fuel Change 57
Figure 21. Government Support Required to Assist Community Adopt Non-Wood... 58