Title Page
Abstract
Contents
List of abbreviations 17
Chapter 1. (제목없음) 19
1.1. Introduction 19
1.2. Municipal Solid Waste Issue from Global Perspective 22
1.3. Iraq, Environmental facts 23
1.3.1. Environmental Degradation, Causes and Effects 23
1.3.2. Impact of Environmental Deterioration on Economy 23
1.3.3. Municipal Solid Waste Issue 24
1.3.4. Factors Affecting MSW Generation at the National Level 25
1.4. Objectives 28
1.5. Scope of the Study 29
1.6. Significance of the Study 30
Chapter 2. Literature review 32
2.1. Definitions 32
2.1.1. Solid waste 32
2.1.2. Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) 33
2.2. Generation Rate and Composition Ratios 34
2.3. Management of MSW 36
2.4. The Obtained from the Previous Reviews 42
Chapter 3. Study Area, Data Sampling and Methodology 44
3.1. Study Area 44
3.2. Data Sampling and Methodology 47
3.2.1. Data Sampling 47
3.2.2. Methodology 48
3.3. Current Household Waste Management in Baghdad 57
3.4. Conceptual Frame Work (study Aim) 62
Chapter 4. Result and Discussion 65
4.1. Characteristics of Interviewed Households in Baghdad city 65
4.1.1. Socio-Economic Status of the Interviewed Households in Baghdad city 65
4.1.2. Environmental Status and Awareness of Households in Baghdad city 74
4.1.3. Waste Collection Policy Performance in Baghdad City 78
4.2. Willingness to pay 80
4.2.1. Willingness to pay to Improve Waste Collection Management in Baghdad city 80
4.2.2. Willingness to pay to Improve Final Disposal Management in Baghdad City 93
4.3. Challenges of Segregating Waste at Household level 95
4.4. Other Finding of the Study 95
Chapter 5. Conclusions and Recommendations 98
5.1. Conclusion 98
5.2. Recommendation 101
Reference 104
Appendix 110
List of tables 110
Survey Questionnaires 117
요약문 127
Table 4.1. Demonstrates the socio-economic profile of 315 interviewed... 65
Table 4.2. Correlation between waste random burning and waste random dispose 77
Table 4.3. Correlation between Environmental degradation and waste Random... 78
Table 4.4. Evaluation of the will to pay households to the current implemented... 80
Table 4.5. Demonstrates the response of households to three proposed levels bids... 81
Table 4.6. Comparing the answers of the unwilling to pay households to improve... 83
Table 4.7. Correlation between waste collection service evaluation by households... 84
Table 4.8. Double-Bounded model's variables definition 86
Table 4.9. Mean estimation of households' WTP 87
Table 4.10. Model with control variables 88
Table 4.11. Final double-bounded model with control variables 89
Table 4.12. Demonstrates the response of households to three proposed levels bids... 93
Table 4.13. reason behind households' refusal to participate in final disposal... 94
Table 4.14. Correlation between segregation act and household's head education 97
Figure 1.1. Map of UNPD 2012 report shows the influence of urbanization on... 20
Figure 3.1. Showing the Map of Iraq with neighboring countries 45
Figure 3.2. Map showing the study area, Baghdad city 46
Figure 3.3. Garbage compactor truck 60
Figure 3.4. Garbage loading truck 60
Figure 3.5. Garbage container 60
Figure 3.6. Burning waste in container 60
Figure 3.7. Current household waste management in Baghdad 61
Figure 3.8. Conceptual frame work 64
Figure 4.1. Percentages of collected observations from Both Baghdad City sides 66
Figure 4.2. Gender percentage 68
Figure 4.3. Households' heads age variation percentage 69
Figure 4.4. Variation in households' size 70
Figure 4.5. Households' heads education 71
Figure 4.6. Households' income rate variation 73
Figure 4.7. Households' heads employer sector 73
Figure 4.8. Disposing of household waste to open areas 75
Figure 4.9. Percentage of households who are exposed to waste burning 76
Figure 4.10. Impact of environmental degradation on households living areas 77
Figure 4.11. Collection service evaluation by households 80
Figure 4.12. Collection service evaluation by unwilling to pay households and... 85
Figure 4.13. Segregation challenges at households' level based on households'... 95
Figure 4.14. Percentage and Reason behind household's segregation act 96