Title Page
ABSTRACT
Contents
Abbreviations 9
1. General Overview 10
1.1. Introduction 10
1.2. Commercial method for isotope separation 11
1.3. Novel approach; Quantum sieving using nanoporous materials 13
1.3.1. Kinetic Quantum Sieving (KQS) 15
1.3.2. Chemical Affinity Quantum Sieving (CAQS) 16
1.4. Porous Materials 17
2. Experimental Methods 19
2.1. 20 K High-resolution Isotherm Measurement 19
2.1.1. Temperature Calibration 20
2.1.2. Volume Calibration 23
2.2. BET Specific Surface Area 26
2.2.1. Pore size Distribution 28
2.2.2. Heat of adsorption (HOA) 31
2.3. Material Characterization 33
2.4. Selectivity Calculation 35
2.4.1. Ideal Adsorbed Solution Theory (IAST) 36
3. Result and Discussion 38
3.1. Synthesis of Nanoporous Carbons 38
3.2. Morphological and Composition Characterization of the Nanoporous carbon 38
3.3. Adsorption Isotherms 43
3.4. Hydrogen Isotope Separation by IAST 45
3.5. Heat of Adsorption 54
4. Conclusion 55
5. References 56
6. Appendix 59
Table 1. Characteristic assumptions of BET and Langmuir models. 26
Table 2. The equations for micropore calculation methods. 30
Table 3. ICP-OES data of the biomass-derived carbon with commercial AC. 40
Table 4. Textural properties of the developed materials and activated carbon 43
Table 5. Fitting parameters of Langmuir-Freundlich model for H2 adsorption isotherm in AC,... 50
Table 6. Fitting parameters of Langmuir-Freundlich model for D₂ adsorption isotherm in AC,... 51
Table 7. The selectivity values for D₂/H₂ (50:50) based on IAST method for ML, PS, GL and AC... 53
Figure 1. Schematic of fuel cycle of ITER with direct fuel supply of deuterium. 11
Figure 2. Schematic representation of H₂/D₂ separation process by Cryogenic distillation. 12
Figure 3. Schematic of representation of the process of exchanging elements in cold tower... 13
Figure 4. Classification of quantum sieving (a) kinetic quantum sieving with fast diffusion of... 14
Figure 5. Schematic of pores types in which kinetic quantum sieving can occur. 15
Figure 6. Potential energy between molecules-adsorption site. 16
Figure 7. Examples of various porous materials. 18
Figure 8. (a) Digital photo of installed equipment (b) Schematic of installed equipment. 20
Figure 9. Schematic represent of the differences in temperature cooling methods 22
Figure 10. Temperature calibration in the ranges of 20-300K. 22
Figure 11. Comparative data of contact cooling method and liquid nitrogen and its... 23
Figure 12. Isotherm for each volume calibration step 24
Figure 13. Volume calibration between 20-120K for empty sample cell 1 and 2. 25
Figure 14. Corrected hydrogen isotherm at 40 K with calibration data. 25
Figure 15. Adsorption isotherm and plot of 1/[v(P0/P)-1] versus P/P0 (inner graph).(이미지참조) 27
Figure 16. Schematic order of the heat of adsorption calculation. 32
Figure 17. Digital photos of (a) scanning electron microscopy, (b) inductively coupled... 35
Figure 18. Schematic diagram representing the synthesis of microporous carbon from waste... 39
Figure 19. SEM images of porous carbon samples 40
Figure 20. XRD pattern of porous carbon samples 41
Figure 21. (a) N₂ adsorption (closed symbol)-desorption (open symbol) isotherms for AC, PS,... 42
Figure 22. H₂ and D₂ isotherm adsorption curves of AC 44
Figure 23. (Upper) H₂, D₂ adsorption isotherms for Activated Carbon(AC), Curves are fits to... 46
Figure 24. (Upper) H₂, D₂ adsorption isotherms for Peanut Shell (PS), Curves are fits to the... 47
Figure 25. (Upper) H₂, D₂ adsorption isotherms for Metasequoia Leaf(ML). Curves are fits to... 48
Figure 26. (Upper) H₂, D₂ adsorption isotherms for Gingko Leaf(GL). Curves are fits to the... 49
Figure 27. The selectivity for D₂/H₂ (50:50) based on IAST method for ML, PS, GL and AC... 53
Figure 28. The Heat of adsorption based on hydrogen isotherm of D₂ and H₂ (60K and 77K)... 54