Title Page
Contents
LIST OF ACRONYMS 13
ABSTRACT 14
CHAPTER ONE. INTRODUCTION 16
1.1. Background information 16
1.2. Statement of the problems 19
1.3. Objectives of the study 20
CHAPTER TWO. LITRAETURE RIVIEW 22
2.1. Definition of closed area 22
2.2. Communty participation and management in closed area 23
2.3. Role of closed area 24
2.3.1. Closed area protecting soil erosion and enhancing land productivity 24
2.3.2. Closed area improves woody species regeneration and biodiversity conservation 25
2.3.3. Closed area improves livelihood of the community 25
2.3.4. Closed area provides forest and non-forest products 26
2.3.5. Closed area reduces risks, protect and enhance function of watershed ecosystems 26
2.3.6. Providing fodder for livestock and bee forage 26
2.4. Disturbance regime on woody species 27
CHAPTER THREE. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 30
3.1. Description of study area 30
3.1.1. Southern nation nationalities and peoples regional state (SNNPRS) 30
3.1.2. Loma Woreda 31
3.1.3. Zima Waruma study site 32
3.2. Conceptual frame work of the variables in the research 34
3.3. Sampling and data collection methodologies 36
3.3.1. Sampling techniques 36
3.3.2. Sample size 37
3.3.3. Data collection method 39
3.4. Data processing and analysis 40
3.4.1. Data analysis of woody vegetations regeneration 40
3.4.2. Respondants data analysis 42
3.4.3. Definitions of variables 42
CHAPTER FOUR. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 47
4.1. The comparison of woody species regeneration among closed area, open woodland area and open degraded land area 47
4.1.1. Woody species composition among habitats 47
4.1.2. Species richness, diversity and evenness 51
4.1.3. Woody vegetation similarity 53
4.1.4. Density of woody species in life form 54
4.1.5. Regeneration of woody species between habitats and within habitats 55
4.1.6. DBH and height of woody species 59
4.1.7. Woody vegetation crown cover classes 62
4.2. Factors affecting the regeneration success in closed area 64
4.2.1. Characteristics of the respondents 64
4.2.2. Community participation, management and satisfaction 67
4.2.3. Benefit driven from closed area to the community 71
4.2.4. Type and level of disturbance regime 74
CHAPTER FIVE. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 77
5.1. Conclusion 77
5.2. Recommendations 79
Literature Cited 80
ANNEXES 86
요약(Abstract) 98
Table 1. Respondent households. 39
Table 2. Summary of variables for factors affecting the success of closed area 43
Table 3. Species composition in the closed area. 48
Table 4. Species composition in the open woody area. 49
Table 5. Species composition in the open degraded land area. 50
Table 6. Woody species diversity, richness, evenness density per ha in closed area,... 52
Table 7. Similarity coefficient among habitat types. 53
Table 8. Density of woody species composition by life form and total density... 55
Table 9. Crown cover of woody species in the study habitats. 63
Table 10. Descriptive statistics of respondent household characteristics. 66
Table 11. Community participation. 68
Table 12. Community satisfaction. 69
Table 13. Benefits of closed area for the community. 72
Table 14. Levels of disturbance between closed and open wood lands. 76
Figure 1. The diagram representation of main consequences of land degradation. 17
Figure 2. Total land area burned 2003-2012. 29
Figure 3. Annual change rate of forest area in Ethiopia Year 1990-2015 29
Figure 4. Administrative map of Zima Waruma, Loma Woreda in Dawuro Zone 34
Figure 5. Conceptual frame of study variables 35
Figure 6. Regeneration of seedlings, saplings and trees/shrubs in closed area, open... 56
Figure 7. Regeneration of individual woody species that showed seedlings, saplings... 57
Figure 8. Regeneration of individual woody species that showed seedlings, saplings... 58
Figure 9. Regeneration of individual woody species that showed seedlings, saplings... 59
Figure 10. Density of woody species by DBH class in the study habitats 61
Figure 11. Density of woody species by height class distribution in the study... 62
Figure 12. Degree of satisfaction benefit sharing of regeneration resources 70
Figure 13. Agreement of respondents in closed area (diverse and rich in woody... 71
Figure 14. Direct benefits of closed area 74
Figure 15. Major types of disturbance regime in the study area 75