Title Page
ABSTRACT
Contents
ABBREVIATION 14
CHAPTER ONE. Introduction 15
1.1. Background Information 15
1.2. Problem Statement 18
1.3. General Objectives 20
1.3.1. Specific Objectives 20
1.3.2. Summary of Questions 20
1.4. Hypothesis 21
1.5. Definition of key concepts 21
1.6. Corruption 22
1.7. Corruption as a Global Challenge 23
1.8. Major Causes of corruption 24
1.9. Types of corruption 25
1.10. How Corruption affects Democratic Governance 28
1.11. Effect of Corruption on political development and stability 29
1.12. Rule of law 30
1.13. Limitation and Problems Encountered 30
CHAPTER TWO. LITERATURE REVIEW 35
CHAPTER THREE. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 45
3.1. Introduction 45
3.2. Methodological Techniques 45
3.3. Research Design 46
3.4. Data Collection 46
3.5. Data Analysis 46
CHAPTER FOUR. PRESENTATION OF FINDINGS AND INTERPRETATION 47
4.1. Introduction 47
4.2. Governance Indicators 47
4.3. Corruption and Human Development Index: Zambia, Tanzania and South Africa 73
Happiness as Proxy Indicator for Measuring Corruption 77
4.4. Economic Competitiveness 84
Figure 24. Comparison of 2010 Corruption in public and private sectors for Zambia, Tanzania and South Africa. 89
CHAPTER FIVE. Conclusion and Recommendations 91
5.1. Introduction 91
5.2. Summary 91
5.3. Independence of Anti-Corruption Commissions in Tanzania 91
5.4. Policy Action on Institutions in order to reduce Corruption 91
5.5. Reducing opportunities for Corrupt Practices for future Research 92
5.5.1. Strengthening Mechanisms for Monitoring and punishment 93
5.6. Factors that cause Corruption 95
5.6.1 Lack/Inadequate Education 95
5.6.2. Inadequate government processes 96
5.6.3. Poor contacts between Government and the governed 96
5.7. Factors that can Reduce Corruption: 97
5.7.1. Paying civil servants well 97
5.7.2. Creating transparency in government spending 97
5.7.3. Cutting red tape 98
5.7.4. Replacing regressive and distorting subsidies with targeted cash transfers 98
5.7.5. Establishing international conventions 99
5.8. Prevention of Corruption 100
5.8.1. Zambia 100
5.8.2. Tanzania 101
5.8.3. South Africa 102
5.9. Suggestion for the Future Research 102
5.10. Conclusion and recommendations. 103
Bibliography 105
요약 110
Table 1. Voice and Accountability Rankings 1996-2016 for the three countries 51
Table 2. Political Stability and Absence of Violence Ranking 55
Table 3. Governance Effectiveness Ranking 1996-2016 fo the three countries. 59
Table 4. Regulatory Quality Rankings 1996-2016 for the three countries 60
Table 5. Rule of Law Rankings 1996-2016 for the three countries 64
Table 6. Control of Corruption Rankings 1996-2016 for the three countries 69
Table 7. Corruption perception Index Jurisdiction 70
Table 8. Human Development index 1990-2015 for the three countries 74
Table 9. Growth National Income per Capita-2015 for the three countries 76
Table 10. South Africa -Corruption and Happiness Index 79
Table 11. Tanzania- Corruption and Happiness Index 80
Table 12. Zambia- Corruption and happiness Index 81
Figure 1. Corruption Ranking of Zambia, Tanzania and South Africa 32
Figure 2. Score of three countries out of 100 32
Figure 3. Governance indicators for sub Saharan Africa 48
Figure 4. WGI indicators 2011 49
Figure 5. Governance Global Ranking 2000-2011 50
Figure 6. Press freedom in Sub Saharan Africa 1995-2006 50
Figure 7. Voice and Accountability as an Indicator of governance (Y) variable and Corruption index... 53
Figure 8. Recapitulation on peace and Security for the 3 countries 56
Figure 9. Political Stability as an Indicator of governance (Y) Variable and Corruption index (X)... 57
Figure 10. Regulatory Quality as an Indicator (Y) variable and Corruption as (X) variable 62
Figure 11. Recapitulation on Rule of Law for the three countries 66
Figure 12. Rule of Law as an indicator (Y) and Corruption index as X variable 66
Figure 13. Control of Corruption 69
Figure 14. Crime Index 2018 72
Figure 15. Human Development Index Ranking-2014 for the three countries 74
Figure 16. Life Expectancy at Birth in 2015 for the three countries 76
Figure 17. Expected Years of Schooling and Mean years of Schooling 77
Figure 18. Happiness as proxy indicator in Measuring Corruption 78
Figure 19. Global Bilateral Migration WDI for the three Countries 82
Figure 20. Environmental Performance Index- EPI framework indicators for the three countries... 83
Figure 21. Environmental EPI indicators score 84
Figure 22. Global Competitive index 2017-2018 rankings for the three countries 85
Figure 23. Corruption as the Most Problematic factor for doing Business for the three countries 86
Figure 24. Comparison of Corruption in Public and Private sectors for the three countries-2017 87
Figure 25. Comparison of Corruption in Public and Private Sectors for the three countries-2010 89