Title Page
ABSTRACT
Contents
INTRODUCTION 14
1. LEGAL ISSUES 17
2. OBJECTIVE OF STUDY 18
3. METHODOLOGY 19
ABBREVIATION 21
Chapter I: Background and General Knowledge of Patents on Pharmaceutical Sector 23
1. Introduction 23
1.1. General on Drugs Patent 24
1.2. Evergreening of Pharmaceutical Patents 28
1.3. The Difficulty of Access to Pharmaceuticals in developing countries 29
Chapter II: International Legal Measure and Other Prevention Measures on Drugs Patent 35
2.1. International Law Framework on Patents 36
2.1.1. Paris Convention 36
2.2.1. TRIPS Agreement 38
2.2. Exceptional on Monopoly by Patent Holder 44
2.2.1. Compulsory Licensing 44
2.2.2. Parallel Importation 46
2.2.3. Voluntary Licensing 47
2.2.4. Patent Pool 48
Chapter III: Indian Patent System 49
3.1. Indian Pharmaceutical Patent Laws 49
3.1.1. Introduction 49
3.1.2. India and the Globalisation of Intellectual Property Law 54
3.1.3. The Novartis Case 57
3.1.4. Analysis of Section 3(d) 60
Chapter IV: European Patent System 65
4.1. EU's Union Competition Laws 65
4.1.1. Introduction 65
4.1.2. Article 102 of TFEU - European Commission 70
4.1.3. Evergreening in Europe 72
4.1.4. Case Study - AstraZeneca 75
4.1.5. Analysis and Summary 80
1.5.1. Evergreening and Article 102 80
1.5.2. The Boundary of the Patentee 83
Chapter V: Problems of Thai Legal Protection of Drugs Patent and The Comparison on the Legal System of Patent between Thailand, India, and Europe 86
5.1. The Health of Thai Population in General 86
5.2. Right to Access to Drugs on Human Right Issues 87
5.3. The Health System in Thailand 87
5.4. Human Right to Public Health 88
5.5. Thai Patent Before TRIPS 89
5.6. Affectation of the Implementation and the General Problems on Thai Patent Act 2522 (B.E.1979) 90
5.6.1. Prices 91
5.6.2. Availability 91
5.6.3. Thai Trade Competition Act B.E.2560 (2017) 92
5.7. The Comparison on the Legal System of Patent between Thailand, India, and Europe 94
5.7.1. Indian Law on Patent Act and Thai Patent Act 94
5.7.2. EU's Union Competition Laws and Thai Unfair Competition Prevention 96
Chapter VI: Recommendation and Conclusion 98
6.1. The Future of the Development on Law of Drugs Patent in Thailand 98
6.1.1. Patented Medicine Price Review Board 99
6.1.2. Pre-grant and Post-grant Opposition. 101
6.2. National Health Plan 104
6.3. Conclusion 105
REFERENCES 109