Title Page
ABSTRACT
Contents
LISTS OF ABBREVIATIONS 14
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION 16
1-1. Study Objectives 21
1-2. Scope and Limitation of the Study 23
1-3. Research Methodology 24
CHAPTER II. THE GENERAL OVERVIEW AND INTERNATIONAL LEGAL FRAMEWORK OF USING CHEMICAL WEAPON DURING ARMED CONFLICT 25
2-1. Background of Chemical Weapons as warfare 25
2-2. Chemical Weapons under International Legal Framework 30
2-2.1. The 1675 Strasbourg Agreement 30
2-2.2. The 1874 Brussels Convention on the Law and Customs of War 30
2-2.3. The 1899 and 1907 Hague Conventions 32
2-2.4. The 1919 Treaty of Versailles 33
2-2.5. The 1922 Treaty relating to the use of Submarines and Noxious Gases in Warfare 34
2-2.6. The 1925 Geneva Gas Protocol 35
2-2.7. The 2002 Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court 37
2-2.8. International Humanitarian Law 37
2-2.9. International Disarmament Law 39
2-3. The 1997 Chemical Weapon Convention (CWC) 41
2-3.1. History of Chemical Weapons Convention 41
2-3.2. Purposes of CWC 43
2-3.3. Definition and Types of Chemical Weapons 44
2-3.4. Scope and Specificity 52
2-3.5. Success and Critiques of CWC 53
2-3.6. National Implementation Measures 56
2-4. The Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) 59
2-4.1. Introduction 59
2-4.2. General Tasks 59
2-4.3. The Organs of OPCW 60
2-5. Conclusion 63
CHAPTER III. THE ISSUE AND KEY RESPONSE TO CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY AGAINST USING CHEMICAL WEAPONS ATTACKS DURING ARMED CONFLICT IN SYRIA 65
3-1. The Background Crisis of Syrian Republic 65
3-1.1. The Origin of Conflict Crisis in Syria 66
3-1.2. Timeline of Syrian Chemical Weapons Activity from 2012-2017 70
3-2. The Challenges to the Prohibition Chemical Weapons Use in Syria 75
3-2.1. Undeclared Chemical Weapons Stock 75
3-2.2. The Denial of Chemical Weapons Use of Syrian Government 77
3-2.3. The Failure of UNSC Referral to ICC 78
3-3. The Regional Response toward the Use of Chemical Weapon in Syria 81
3-3.1. League of Arab States 81
3-3.2. EU Response to the Non-international Armed Conflict in Syria 82
3-4. The International Response toward the Use of Chemical Weapons in Syria 87
3-4.1. Missions of OPCW in Syria 88
3-4.2. UN's Response to Prohibition of Chemical Weapons Use 92
3-5. Conclusion 95
CHAPTER IV. THE CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY OF USING CHEMICAL WEAPONS IN SYRIA 97
4-1. The Legal Source of International Criminal Law 97
4-1.1. International Conventions or Treaties 98
4-1.2. Customary International Law (CIL) 100
4-1.3. General Principles of Law and the Judicial Decision 101
4-2. The Jurisdiction of ICC on the Use of Chemical Weapons in Non-international Armed Conflicts 101
4-2.1. Principle of Complementarity 103
4-2.2. Treaty-based jurisdiction 105
4-2.3. Security Council-based Jurisdiction 107
4-3. Criminal Responsibility of Individual against Utilizing Chemical Weapons 113
4-3.1. General Concepts of Individual Criminal Liability under Article 25 of Rome Statute 114
4-3.2. Jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court on the Responsibility of Individual 117
4-3.3. Punishment Prescribed by the International Criminal Liability 121
4-3.4. Responsibility of States for Acts of Private Entities 122
4-4. The Legal Analysis on Chemical Warfare as Types of Crimes under Rome Statute in Syria 124
4-4.1. War Crime 124
4-4.2. Crime against Humanity 134
4-4.3. Genocide 143
4-5. Conclusion 150
CHAPTER V. THE IMPLEMENTATION ON FURHTER DEVELOPMENT OF THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL LAW REGARDING CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY OF USUING CHEMICAL WEAPONS IN ARMED CONFLICT 152
5-1. Implementation on the International Criminal Law by the International, Regional Organization, and State Response 153
5-1.1. The Imperative of an "ICC Referral" from UN Security Council 154
5-1.2. Economic Sanction 157
5-1.3. Extending the Mandate of OPCW-UN Joint Investigative Mechanism 160
5-2. The Problem Solving at the National Level 162
5-2.1. Feasibility of Syrian Extraordinary Tribunal 163
CHAPTER VI. CONCLUSION 167
REFERENCES 171