Title Page
ABSTRACT
ABREVIATIONS
Contents
INTRODUCTION 15
I. Overview 15
II. The Scope of Study 18
III. Legal Issues of Dissertation 19
CHAPTER I: GENERAL INTRODUCTION OF ECONOMIC SANCTIONS 20
1.1. The Logic of Economic Sanctions 20
1.1.1. Definition 22
1.1.2. History Background 25
1.1.3. The Types of Economic Sanctions 26
1.2. The Fundamental Objectives. 28
1.2.1. Achievement of Foreign Policy Goals 28
1.2.2. International Law Enforcement 28
1.3. The Legality of Economic Sanctions 30
1.3.1. The Legal Basis of Unilateral Sanctions 30
1.3.2. The Legal Basis of Collective Sanctions 32
1.3.3. The Legality under the Customary International Law 33
1.3.4. The Legality in Present Day 38
CHAPTER II: CUSTOMARY UNDERSTANDING OF TRADE SANCTIONS 43
2.1. Introduction 43
2.2. The Elements of Trade Sanctions 44
2.2.1. Restrictions on Export and Import 44
2.2.2. Trade Disruption 48
2.2.3. Discriminatory Tariff Policy 52
2.2.4. Suspension or Cancellation of Trade Agreements 54
2.2.5. Restricts on Strategic Goods 57
2.3. Rationales for Imposing Trade Sanctions 60
2.4. The Right to Impose Trade Sanctions 62
2.5. The Obligation to Participate 66
2.6. Procedures of the Imposition 68
2.7. Enforcement of Sanctions 70
2.8. The Costs of Trade Sanctions 72
2.8.1. Targets 72
2.8.2. Senders 74
2.8.3. Third State 76
CHAPTER III: TRADE SANCTIONS AGAINST THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF YUGOSLAVIA 1991-2001 AND THE ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL ACTS 78
3.1. History of the Conflict in the Former Yugoslavia 78
3.2. Incident Conducting the Use of Sanctions 81
3.3. Sanctions by the United States 83
3.3.1. The Outer Wall 84
3.3.2. Sanctions on Trade and Investment 85
3.3.3. Restricts on Aid and Visa Ban 86
3.4. Sanctions by The European Union 86
3.4.1. Oil Embargo 87
3.4.2. Restricts on Trade and Investment 88
3.4.3. Freezing of Assets 89
3.5. The United Nations 89
3.5.1. The Arms Embargo 90
3.5.2. Exports Restrictions 92
3.5.3. Imports Restrictions 93
3.5.4. The Maritime Sanctions 94
3.5.5. Sporting Events 95
3.6. The End of Sanctions 96
3.7. Effectiveness 98
CHAPTER IV: LIMITATIONS ON THE USE OF ECONOMIC SANCTIONS 99
4.1. Limitations under International Law 99
4.1.1. Limitations under the International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights Law 101
4.1.2. Limitations under the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 104
4.1.3. The Principles of Necessity and Proportionality 105
4.1.4. The Principle of Discrimination between Combatants and Non-Combatants 106
4.1.5. The Principle of Non-Intervention 106
4.2. Limitations on United Nations Sanctions 107
4.3. Countermeasures Against Unlawful Economic Sanctions 110
4.4. International Enforcement and Compliance 112
4.5. The Advantages and Disadvantages 114
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 117
5.1. Conclusion 117
5.2. Recommendations 122
REFERENCES 126