Title Page
LIST OF ABRREVATION
ABSTRACT
Contents
CHAPTER ONE: Introduction and Context 15
1.1. Introduction 15
1.2. Problem of Child Soldiers 17
1.3. Rome Statute and Reparations 19
1.4. Purpose of Research 22
1.5. Study Objective 23
1.6. Methodology of Research 25
CHAPTER TWO: the Impact of War on Child Soldiers and the Protection of Child Soldiers under the International Legal Framework 25
2.1. Child Soldiers in the Republic of South Sudan 26
2.1.1. Decades of Child Soldiering in South Sudan 26
2.1.2. Efforts of The Sudan People's Liberation Army(SPLA) to End the Recruitment and Use of Child Soldiers 28
2.1.3. South Sudanese Law 30
2.1.4. Recruitment and Use of Child Soldiers by Government Forces 32
2.2. The Impact of War on Child Soldiers in the Republic of South Sudan 34
2.2.1. Bring Huge Physical and Mental Damage to Children 35
2.2.2. Victims of International Crimes 36
2.3. General Protection under International Humanitarian Law 39
2.3.1. Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War 40
2.3.2. Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and Relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts(PROTOCOL I) 42
2.3.3. Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and Relating to the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts(PROTOCOL II) 44
2.3.4. Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) 46
2.3.5. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict 47
2.3.6. African charter on the rights and welfare of the child(ACRWC) 49
2.3.7. Convention concerning the Prohibition and Immediate Action for the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labour (No.182 Convention) 51
2.4. Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court 53
2.4.1. Child Recruitment in the Rome Statute 53
2.4.2. The Material Elements of the Crime 55
2.4.3. Psychological Elements of Recruitment of Children as A War Crime (Mens Rea) 62
2.5. Statute of Special Court for Sierra Leone 65
2.6. Conclusion 67
CHAPTER THREE: The Reparations Regime under the Rome Statute and Rules of Evidence and Procedure 69
3.1. The Scope and Forms of Reparations 71
3.1.1. Paragraph 2 of Article 75 of the Rome Statute 73
3.1.2. Article 97 of the Rules of Evidence and Procedure 77
3.1.3. Symbolic Reparations 78
3.1.4. Collective Reparations especially for girl soldiers 81
3.2. The Procedure of Reparations 81
3.3. The Execution of Reparations 83
3.3.1. The Award for Reparations Be Made Through the Convicted Person 84
3.3.2. The Award for Reparations Be Made Through TFV 85
3.4. Conclusion 93
CHAPTER FOUR: Judicial Practice of Compensation for Child Soldiers and Challenges to Reparations for Child Soldiers 95
4.1. Lubanga Compensation Decision of ICC 95
4.1.1. Trial Chamber I's Decision on Compensation 97
4.1.2. Appeals and Opinions of All Parties 102
4.1.3. Compensation for Female Child Soldiers 109
4.1.4. The Limited Application of the Established Principles in Lubanga 111
4.2. Challenges to Reparations for Child Soldiers 113
4.2.1. Basic Elements for Child Soldiers As A War Crime 113
4.2.2. Invisible Child Soldiers 118
4.2.3. Girl Soldiers and Sexual Violence 120
4.3. Conclusion 124
CHAPTER FIVE: Solutions to Reparations for Child Soldiers 125
5.1. Collective Reparations 125
5.1.1. Practical Obstacles to the Distribution of Individual Compensation 125
5.1.2. Collective Reparations 129
5.2. Symbolic Reparations 137
5.3. Demobilization and Reintegration Programs (DDR) 140
5.3.1. Releasing Children in Situations of Armed Conflict---Prevention Better Than Cure 141
5.3.2. Post-conflict Release and Reintegration----A Long Term Project 144
5.3.3. Improving Access to Reintegration Support 147
5.4. Establish Local Official Programs to Assist the Release and Reintegration of Children 149
5.5. Financial Assistance from TFV 154
5.6. Conclusion 157
Chapter SIX: Conclusion 159
REFERENCE 168