Title Page
ABSTRACT
Contents
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 11
1.1. Purpose and Rationale for the Study 11
1.2. Scope of the Dissertation 15
CHAPTER 2: TRADITIONAL BILL OF LADING 18
2.1. What is a Bill of Lading? 18
2.2. Legal History of the Bill of Lading 19
2.3. Functions of the Bill of Lading in International Trade 24
2.3.1. Receipt for the Goods 24
2.3.2. Evidence of Contract of Carriage 27
2.3.3. Document of Title 28
2.4. Disadvantages of the Traditional Bill of Lading 30
CHAPTER 3. ELECTRONIC BILL OF LADING 33
3.1. What is an Electronic Bill of Lading? 33
3.2. The Electronic Bill of Lading in International Trade 34
3.3. The Challenge of "Negotiability" feature of the Electronic Bill of Lading 35
3.4. International Legal Responses to the Challenge of "Negotiability" feature of the Electronic Bill of Lading 37
3.4.1. Hague - Visby, the Hamburg and the Rotterdam Rules on Negotiation of the Electronic Bill of Lading 37
3.4.2. UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce 1996 on Negotiation of the Electronic Bill of Lading 40
3.4.3. The Comitè Maritime International Rules for Electronic Bills of Lading 1990 on Negotiation of the Electronic Bill of Lading 44
3.5. National Legal Responses to the Challenge of "Negotiability" feature of the Electronic Bill of Lading 49
3.5.1. United States 49
3.5.2. United Kingdom 50
3.5.3. Other civil law jurisdictions 51
CHAPTER 4. GENERAL CHALLENGES AFFECTING NEGOTIABILITY FEATURE OF THE ELECTRONIC BILL OF LADING 53
4.1. Writing Requirement 53
4.1.1. CMI Rules on the Writing Requirement 54
4.1.2. UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce 1996 on the Writing Requirement 54
4.1.3. Hague, Hague - Visby Rules on the Writing Requirement 55
4.1.4. Hamburg Rules on the Writing Requirement 56
4.1.5. Rotterdam Rules on the Writing Requirement 59
4.2. Signature Requirement 60
4.2.1. CMI Rules on the Signature Requirement 64
4.2.2. UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce, 1996 on the Signature Requirement 64
4.2.3. UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Signatures 2001 on the Signature Requirement 65
4.2.4. Hague, Hague –Visby Rules on the Signature Requirement 67
4.2.5. Hamburg Rules on the Signature Requirement 68
4.2.6. Rotterdam Rules on the Signature Requirement 69
4.3. Admissibility and Evidential Value of the Electronic Documents 70
4.3.1. CMI Rules to the Admissibility and Evidential Value of the Electronic Documents 71
4.3.2. MLEC, MLES to the Admissibility and Evidential Value of the Electronic Documents 72
4.3.3. Hague, Hague –Visby Rules to the Admissibility and the Evidential Value of Electronic Documents 73
4.3.4. Hamburg Rules to the Admissibility and Evidential Value of the Electronic Documents 73
4.3.5. Rotterdam Rules to the Admissibility and Evidential Value of the Electronic Documents 74
CHAPTER 5. TECHNICAL EFFORTS IN THE PAST AND RECENT DEVELOPMENTS OF ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS 76
5.1. The valuable support of Technical Measures to Legal Recognition 76
5.2. Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) and Bill of lading 77
5.3. Private and Public Key Encryption and Digital Signature 77
5.4. The Registry System 79
5.5. A Comparative Look at Past Electronic Bill of Lading Alternatives 80
5.5.1. SEADOCS Projects 81
5.5.2. The CMI Rules 84
5.5.3. The Bolero Project 88
5.6. Recent Developments And Currently Viable Electronic Systems 93
5.6.1. BIMCO's NYPE Form Electronic Bill of Lading Clause 95
5.6.2. ESSDOCS-Databridge 96
5.6.3. Liability coverage of P&I Clubs 100
5.6.4. Korea Trade Net (KNET) 102
5.6.5. The ACE Window 104
5.6.6. Blockchain Technology 107
5.6.7. Rotterdam Rules 110
CHAPTER 6. PRACTICES AND PROPOSALS FOR VIETNAM IN USING ELECTRONIC BILL OF LADING 113
6.1. Regulations of the bill of lading in Vietnam and its practices 113
6.1.1. Regulations of a bill of lading in Vietnam 113
6.1.2. Practices of the bill of lading in Vietnam 115
6.2. The possibilities in using Electronic Bill of Lading in Vietnam and the Proposals 116
6.2.1. The necessity of the electronic bill of lading in Vietnam 116
6.2.2. Proposals for application of electronic bill of lading in Vietnam 117
CONCLUSION 123
REFERENCES 126