Title Page
ABSTRACT
Contents
Abbreviation 12
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION 13
1.1. General introduction 13
1.2. Study Objective 18
1.3. Scope and Limitation 19
1.4. Research of Methodology 19
CHAPTER II. BACKGROUND AND GENERAL KNOWLEDGE OF FGM/C 20
2.1. Overview of FGM/C 20
2.2. Type of FGM/C 24
2.3. Effect of FGM/C 26
2.3.1. Immediate Effect 26
2.3.2. Long term effect 29
2.4. Situation of FGM/C around the World 31
2.4.1. Africa 32
2.4.2. America and Europe 35
2.4.3. Asia 38
2.5. Vacation Cutting 40
2.6. Conclusion 43
CHAPTER III. INTERNATIONAL FRAMEWORK ON FGM/C 46
3.1. International Law Framework on FGM/C issue 46
3.1.1. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UNHDR) 47
3.1.2. The convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) 51
3.1.3. Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) 54
3.1.4. Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights(ICESCR) 56
3.1.5. Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) 57
3.1.7. The 1951 UN Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees 63
3.2. Regional International Law 65
3.2.1. African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (the Banjul Charter) 65
3.2.2. African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child (ACRWC) 66
3.2.3. Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa (The Maputo protocol) 68
3.2.4. The Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (European Convention on the human rights or ECHR) 69
3.2.5. Convention on Preventing and Combating Violence against Women and Domestic Violence (Istanbul Convention) 70
3.3. Conclusion 72
CHAPTER IV. ANALYSIS OF FGM/C IN SIERRA LEONE 74
4.1. Overview of FGM/C in Sierra Leone 74
4.1.1. FGM/C Type practice in Sierra Leone. 75
4.1.2. The reason for continuing FGM/C in Sierra Leone 76
4.2. Bondo 79
4.2.1. Bondo initiation 80
4.3. Law relate to FGM/C in Sierra Leone 82
4.3.1. The constitution of Sierra Leone 1991 reinstated in 1996 with Amendments 2008 83
4.3.2. The Child Rights Act 90
4.3.3. The English Offences Against the Person Act of 1861 (OAPA) 92
4.3.4. Chapter 31. Prevention of Cruelty to Children Arrangement of Sections. 96
4.4. Challenge to enforcement 97
4.4.1. The customary justice system 98
4.4.2. The lack of explicit law 99
4.5. Conclusion 100
CHAPTER V. COMPARISON OF LEGISLATION ON FGM/C PROHIBITION IN SIERRA LEONE AND OTHER LAW 102
5.1. Comparison of Legislation on FGM/C 102
5.1.1. United Kingdom (U.K) 102
5.1.2. France 106
5.2. Recommendation 111
5.2.1. Explicit legislation against FGM/C 112
5.2.2. Amendment of the child rights Act 2007 118
5.2.3. Other measure 119
CHAPTER VI. CONCLUSION 122
ANNEX I. (제목없음) 126
REFFERENCE 128
Figure 1. The prevalence of FGM/C Among Women 15-49 34
Figure 2. the prevalence of the girls (0-49) in the three highest prevalence... 35
Figure 3. Statistic show percentage in each type of FGM/C in each country 126
Figure 4. the prevalence by Geographic Area in each country 127