Title Page
ABSTRACT
Contents
ABBREVIATION 9
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION 13
1.1. Background of the Study 13
1.1.1. Existing Roadside Condition 15
1.1.2. Impacts 18
1.2. Purpose of the Study 19
1.3. Research Questions 19
1.4. Research Objectives and Hypothesis 19
1.5. Scope of the Study 20
CHAPTER 2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 27
2.1. Effects of GHG emission and air pollution from transport Sector. 27
2.2. Mitigation of GHG emission from the transport sector. 28
2.3. Benefits from components of ERRD to the traveling public and populace within the national road. 29
2.3.1. Street Trees and shrubs 29
2.3.2. Permeable Pavement System Benefits 30
CHAPTER 3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 32
3.1. Conceptual Framework 32
3.2. Data Source and Research Techniques 34
3.3. Data Computation 37
3.3.1. Computation of estimated Length of ERRD 38
3.3.2. Computation of CO₂ Sequestration of Tree 39
3.3.3. Computation other ERRD Environmental Benefits 41
3.3.4. Limitations of the Study 43
CHAPTER 4. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS AND CONCLUSION 44
CHAPTER 5. RECOMMENDATION 48
REFERENCES 50
초록 53
Table 1. National Road Length Existing... 17
Table 2. DPWH definition of road classification and its corresponding length... 20
Table 3. Key Informants 34
Table 4. IPAT Data and Computation 37
Table 5. United Nation Population Projection for 2050 37
Table 6. The Effects of population growth on global CO₂ emission 37
Table 7. CO₂ Emission by source 2013 and 2050 projection 38
Table 8. Estimated ERRD data from RBIA of DPWH 38
Table 9. Estimated number of trees and CO₂ Sequestration... 39
Table 10. Annual Benefit Cost Trees in US$ 40
Table 11. Reduction of Stormwater Runoffs Benefits of ERRD 42
Table 12. Energy Consumption of Road Transport Sector... 42
Table 13. Illustrating the benefits of ERRD in CO₂ reduction... 44
Table 14. ERRD other benefits 45
Figure 1. Typical National Roadway Design... 16
Figure 2. Existing Sidewalk along National Road 17
Figure 3. National Road Map indicating the three road classes 21
Figure 4. Concept Design No. 1 Environmental Responsive...... 22
Figure 5. Concept Design No. 2 Environmental Responsive... 23
Figure 6. Concept Design No. 3 Environmental Responsive... 24
Figure 7. ESRD Plan Tree Spacing 25
Figure 8. Typical Permeable Pavement System Cross-Sectional Scheme 26
Figure 9. Conceptual Framework for... 33