Title Page
Abstract
List of Abbreviation
Contents
CHAPTER ONE. INTRODUCTION 14
1.1. Research Background 14
1.2. Research objectives 16
1.3. Scope of The Study 16
CHAPTER TWO. LITERATURE REVIEW 18
2.1. Ethnobotany 18
2.2. Non-timber forest products for direct household necessity 19
2.3. Clerodendrum minahassa Teijsm et Binn. 20
2.4. Antioxidant 23
CHAPTER THREE. METHODOLOGY 25
3.1. Study Area 25
3.2. Source of Materials 26
3.3. Data Collection 27
3.3.1. Ethnobotanical study 27
3.3.2. Proximate analysis and nutritional contents 27
3.3.3. Antioxidant activity assay 28
3.4. Data Analysis 29
3.4.1. Ethnobotany 29
3.4.2. Antioxidant activity assay 30
CHAPTER FOUR. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 31
4.1. Characteristics of Respondents 31
4.2. Characteristics of C. minahassae Teijsm et Binn in the wild 33
4.2.1. Cultivation knowledge 34
4.3. Diversity of use patterns of C. minahassae Teijsm et Binn by communities 36
4.3.1. Edible values 38
4.3.2. Value of commercial Potential 39
4.3.3. Remedial values 41
4.4. Proximate and nutrition composition 45
4.5. Antioxidants Activity of Ethanol extracts of C. minahassae leaves 47
CHAPTER FIVE. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 52
5.1. Conclusion 52
5.2. Recommendation 52
Cited Literature 54
Appendix 62
요약 66
Table 1. Characteristics of respondents 31
Table 2. The community knowledge of C. Minahassae growth in the wild 33
Table 3. Community knowledge concerning C. minahassae cultivation 34
Table 4. Plant parts of C. minahassae and their uses in North Sulawesi Province 37
Table 5. The prescription of cuisine and its percentage of informants claiming the... 38
Table 6. Frequency of consumption and current price of fresh CM leaves in the... 40
Table 7. Folk medicine utilization of C. minahassae by community in North... 41
Table 8. Proximate composition of C. minahassae leaves 45
Table 9. Nutrition composition of C. minahassae leaves 46
Table 10. Phenolic compounds of C. minahassae leaves ethanol extracts 48
Table 11. DPPH radical scavenging of C minahassae leaves extracts 49
Table 12. DPPH radical scavenging of pure Vitamin C 50
Figure 1. Conceptual framework of the study 17
Figure 2. Picture of unopened flower bud 22
Figure 3. Map of research site showing the location of surveyed villages 26
Figure 4. Use of C. minahassae by local communities 36
Figure 5. Sales display of fresh leaves in a modernized market 41
Figure 6. Percentage of part of plants that have been used as folk medicine 43
Figure 7. Fidelity level of each ailment treated by C. minahassae leaves 44