Title Page
Contents
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 18
ABSTRACT 22
CHAPTER I. General Background of the Philippine Economy and Economic Environment 23
1.1. Introduction 23
1.2. Problem Statement 27
1.3. Research Questions 27
1.4. Objectives of the Study 28
1.5. Significance of the Study 29
1.6. Scope of the Study 30
CHAPTER II. Review of Related Literature 31
CHAPTER III. Research Methodology 79
3.1. Research Design 79
3.2. Theoretical Framework 83
3.3. Conceptual Framework 90
3.4. Hypothesis 107
3.5. Data and Variables 108
CHAPTER IV. Data Presentation and Analysis 110
4.1. Global Competitiveness Index 110
4.2. Human Development Index 224
4.3. Environmental Performance Index 254
CHAPTER V. Conclusion, Implications and Recommendation 282
References and Bibliography 294
Appendices 308
요약 344
Table 1.0. Macroeconomic Performance of the Four... 23
Table 2.0. Macroeconomic Performance of the Four... 25
Table 3.0. Comparison of Modernization and Dependency Theories 39
Table 4.0. GCI Sub-index weights and income thresholds for stages of development 91
Table 5.0. Minimum and maximum values of the HDI dimensions 97
Table 6.1. Analysis of Variance: Institutions 110
Table 6.2. Means: Institutions 111
Table 7.1. Analysis of Variance: Infrastructure 121
Table 7.2. Means: Infrastructure 121
Table 8.1. Analysis of Variance: Macroeconomic Environment 128
Table 8.2. Means: Macroeconomic Environment 129
Table 9.1. Analysis of Variance: Health and Primary Education 140
Table 9.2. Means: Health and Primary Education 141
Table 10.0. Inequitable Health Outcomes in the Philippines by Wealth and by... 143
Table 11.1. Analysis of Variance: Higher education and training 148
Table 11.2. Means: Higher Education and Training 149
Table 12.1. Analysis of Variance: Goods Market Efficiency 156
Table 12.2. Means: Goods Market Efficiency 156
Table 13.1. Analysis of Variance: Labor Market Efficiency 168
Table 13.2. Means: Labor Market Efficiency 168
Table 14.1. Analysis of Variance: Financial Market Development 178
Table 14.2. Means: Financial Market Development 178
Table 15.1. Analysis of Variance: Technological Readiness 191
Table 15.2. Means: Technological Readiness 192
Table 16.1. Analysis of Variance: Market Size 199
Table 16.2. Means: Market Size 200
Table 17.1. Analysis of Variance: Business Sophistication 204
Table 17.2. Means: Business Sophistication 204
Table 18.1. Analysis of Variance: Innovation 211
Table 18.2. Means: Innovation 211
Table 19.1. Analysis of Variance: Life Expectancy at Birth 224
Table 19.2. Means: Life Expectancy at Birth 224
Table 20.1. Analysis of Variance: Education 238
Table 20.2. Means: Education 238
Table 21.1. Analysis of Variance: GNI per capita 244
Table 21.2. Means: GNI per capita 244
Table 22.1. Analysis of Variance: Environmental Health 255
Table 22.2. Means: Environmental Health 255
Table 23.1. Analysis of Variance: Ecosystem Vitality 267
Table 23.2. Means: Ecosystem Vitality 267
Table 24.0. Biodiversity and Habitat sub-indicators result of Malaysia,... 277
Figure 1.0. Literature Map 31
Figure 2.0. The Global Competitiveness Index Framework 49
Figure 3.0. Dimensions of Human Development 54
Figure 4.0. Components of Human Development Index 56
Figure 5.0. The Environment Performance Index Framework 59
Figure 6.0. The "Proximity to Target" Methodology of EPI 61
Figure 7.0. The Philippine Strategic Framework, 2011-2016 71
Figure 8.0. The Philippine's Budget Deficit (% of GDP), 2009-2015 72
Figure 9.0. The Philippine's Macroeconomic Policy Plan Framework, 2011-2016 73
Figure 10.0. The Philippine's External Debt Stocks (% of GNI), 2005-2015 77
Figure 11.0. Research Procedure 79
Figure 12.0. Comparative Structure 80
Figure 13.0. Quantitative Procedure 80
Figure 14.0. Qualitative Procedure 82
Figure 15.0. The Diagram of the Solow Model 86
Figure 16.0. Conceptual Framework 90
Figure 17.0. Calculating the HDI-graphical presentation Index 97
Figure 18.0. Benchmarking Cycle 106
Figure 19.0. Data and Variables 108
Figure 20.0. Time Series from 2010 to 2015: Institutions 112
Figure 21.0. Strategic Framework on Good Governance and the Rule of Law of... 116
Figure 22.0. Strategic Framework on Peace and Security of the Philippines 118
Figure 23.0. Protecting Minority Investors Performance of the Philippines... 120
Figure 24.0. Time Series from 2010 to 2015: Infrastructure 122
Figure 25.0. Strategic Framework on Accelerating Infrastructure Development... 123
Figure 26.0. Access to Electricity (% of the population) of Indonesia, Malaysia,... 126
Figure 27.0. The ICT Access, Use, and Skill Progress of the Philippines,... 127
Figure 28.0. Time Series from 2010 to 2015: Macroeconomic Environment 130
Figure 29.0. Strategic Framework on Macroeconomic Policy of the Philippines 132
Figure 30.0. Tax Revenue of the Philippines, 2006-2015 133
Figure 31.0. Fiscal Performance of the Philippines (% of GDP), 2009-2015 134
Figure 32.0. Domestic Foreign on National Government Debt Services of the... 135
Figure 33.0. Inflation Rates of Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines and Thailand,... 136
Figure 34.0. Total External Debt Stocks (as % of GNI) of Indonesia, Malaysia,... 137
Figure 35.0. Gross Savings (as % of GDP) of Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines... 138
Figure 36.0. Gross Savings and Capital Formation Rate of the Philippines,... 139
Figure 37.0. Time Series from 2010 to 2015: Health and Primary Education 141
Figure 38.0. Average Life Span of Filipinos, 1990-2014 145
Figure 39.0. Top Causes of Death among Filipinos, 2005 and 2015 146
Figure 40.0. Mortality rate of Filipino Children under the age of 5, 1990 - 2014 147
Figure 41.0. Top Causes of Premature Deaths among Filipino Infants,... 147
Figure 42.0. Time Series from 2010 to 2015: Higher Education and Training 149
Figure 43.0. Education Development Strategy of the Department of Education... 151
Figure 44.0. The Enhanced Education Program of the Philippines 152
Figure 45.0. The Progress of Enrollment Rate of the Philippines,... 153
Figure 46.0. Education Development Strategy of the Technical Education and... 154
Figure 47.0. Number of Out-of-School Adolescents in the Philippines, 2007-2013 155
Figure 48.0. Time Series from 2010 to 2015: Goods Market Efficiency 157
Figure 49.0. Strategic framework on competitive and I&S sectors 158
Figure 50.0. Cost of Business Start-up Procedures (% of GNI per capita) in... 160
Figure 51.0. Time required to start a business (days) in Indonesia, Malaysia,... 161
Figure 52.0. Total tax rate (% of commercial profits) in Indonesia, Malaysia,... 162
Figure 53.0. Tariff Rates of Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines and Thailand,... 165
Figure 54.0. Total Imports and Exports of Goods and Services (% of GDP) of... 166
Figure 55.0. Total Imports and Exports of Goods and Services (current billion... 167
Figure 56.0. Time Series from 2010 to 2015: Labor Market Efficiency 169
Figure 57.0. Updated Plan Strategic Framework of the Philippines 171
Figure 58.0. Total unemployment rate (%of total labor force) of Indonesia,... 173
Figure 59.0. Labor Productivity by Sector of the Philippines, 2009-2015 174
Figure 60.0. Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population... 175
Figure 61.0. Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages... 176
Figure 62.0. Time Series from 2010 to 2015: Financial Market Development 179
Figure 63.0. Strategic framework on resilient and inclusive financial system 181
Figure 64.0. Domestic credit to private sector (% of GDP) of Indonesia,... 183
Figure 65.0. Bank overhead costs to total assets (%) of Indonesia, Malaysia,... 184
Figure 66.0. Market Capitalization of Listed Domestic Companies (% of GDP)... 186
Figure 67.0. Broad money (% of GDP) of Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines and... 187
Figure 68.0. Bank Nonperforming Loans to Total Gross Loans (%) of... 188
Figure 69.0. Bank Z-score of Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines and Thailand,... 189
Figure 70.0. Stock price volatility of Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines and... 190
Figure 71.0. Time Series from 2010 to 2015: Technological Readiness 193
Figure 72.0. Transformation 2.0: A Digitally Empowered Nation - The... 195
Figure 73.0. Network Readiness Subindex Performance of Indonesia,... 196
Figure 74.0. Framework for the National Policy on Science, Technology and... 198
Figure 75.0. Time Series from 2010 to 2015: Market Size 200
Figure 76.0. Domestic Market Size Index of Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines... 202
Figure 77.0. Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) of Indonesia, Malaysia,... 203
Figure 78.0. Time Series from 2010 to 2015: Business Sophistication 205
Figure 79.0. Improving business climate section of the strategic framework on... 207
Figure 80.0. Six Key Enablers to Support Economic Growth of Malaysia 208
Figure 81.0. Scientific and Technical Journal Published in Indonesia,... 209
Figure 82.0. Intellectual Property-Patents Applications in Malaysia, and the... 210
Figure 83.0. Time Series from 2010 to 2015: Innovation 212
Figure 84.0. Innovation section of the strategic framework on competitive and... 214
Figure 85.0. Innovation section of the strategic framework on competitive and... 215
Figure 86.0. Innovation section of the strategic framework on sustainable and... 216
Figure 87.0. Innovation Input and Output Sub-index Values of Indonesia,... 217
Figure 88.0. Strategy on Public Funding of Innovation of Malaysia 218
Figure 89.0. Summary of the Harmonized National R&D Agenda of the... 219
Figure 90.0. Charges for the use of Intellectual Property, Payments (BoP,... 220
Figure 91.0. Charges for the use of Intellectual Property, Receipts (BoP, current... 221
Figure 92.0. Global Competitiveness Progress of the Philippines 222
Figure 93.0. Time Series from 2010 to 2015: Life Expectancy at Birth 225
Figure 94.0. Female adult mortality rate (per 1,000 female adult) of Indonesia,... 227
Figure 95.0. Male adult mortality rate (per 1,000 male adult) of Indonesia,... 228
Figure 96.0. Incidence of tuberculosis (per 100,000 people) of Indonesia,... 230
Figure 97.0. Prevalence of HIV (% of population ages 15-49) in Indonesia,... 231
Figure 98.0. Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births) of Indonesia, Malaysia,... 232
Figure 99.0. DPT Immunization (% of children ages 12-23 months) of Indonesia,... 233
Figure 100.0. Measles Immunization (% of children ages 12-23 months) of... 234
Figure 101.0. Public health expenditure (% of GDP) of Indonesia, Malaysia,... 235
Figure 102.0. Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000 live births) of Indonesia,... 237
Figure 103.0. Time Series from 2010 to 2015: Education 239
Figure 104.0. Expected years of schooling (years) of Indonesia, Malaysia,... 241
Figure 105.0. Mean years of schooling (years) of Indonesia, Malaysia,... 243
Figure 106.0. Time Series from 2010 to 2015: GNI per capita 245
Figure 107.0. Adjusted net savings (% of GNI) of Indonesia, Malaysia,... 247
Figure 108.0. Domestic credit provided by financial sector (% of GDP) of... 248
Figure 109.0. GDP per capita, PPP [in constant 2011 international dollars ($)]... 249
Figure 110.0. Total GDP in PPP billions [in constant 2011 international dollars... 250
Figure 111.0. Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) of Indonesia, Malaysia,... 252
Figure 112.0. Human Development Progress of the Philippines 253
Figure 113.0. Time Series from 2010 to 2015: Environmental Health 256
Figure 114.0. Strategic framework on sustainable and climate-resilient... 257
Figure 115.0. PM2.5 air pollution, mean annual exposure (micrograms per cubic...(이미지참조) 261
Figure 116.0. PM2.5 air pollution, population exposed to levels exceeding WHO...(이미지참조) 262
Figure 117.0. CO2 emissions from solid fuel consumption, in kilotonnes (kt), of... 263
Figure 118.0. Improved water source (% of population with access) of... 265
Figure 119.0. Improved sanitation facilities (% of population with access) of... 266
Figure 120.0. Time Series from 2010 to 2015: Ecosystem Vitality 268
Figure 121.0. Strategic framework on sustainable and climate-resilient ENR,... 270
Figure 122.0. Forest area (% of land area) of Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines... 275
Figure 123.0. CO2 emissions (kg per PPP $ of GDP) of Indonesia, Malaysia,... 278
Figure 124.0. Environmental Performance Progress of the Philippines 279