Title Page
Abstracts
Contents
List of Abbreviations and Acronyms 12
Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION 14
1.1. Introduction 14
1.2. Problems Statement 17
1.3. Research Objectives 20
1.4. Research Questions and Hypothesis 21
1.5. Organization of the study 21
Chapter 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 23
2.1. Role of Speciality Rice in Rice Production and Marketing 23
2.1.1. Introduction: Importance of Rice 23
2.1.2. Identifying Quality Rice and Quality Traits 24
2.1.3. Aromatic Rice and Market Demand 26
2.2. Diversification in Agriculture 28
2.2.1. Introduction 28
2.2.2. Importance of Farm Diversification 29
2.3. Rice Sector in Cambodia: Constraints and Opportunities 34
2.3.1. Challenges in rice farming in Cambodia 35
2.3.2. Adoption Pattern of Improved Technologies 36
2.3.3. Aromatic Varieties of Cambodian Rice 43
2.3.4. Classification of Smallholder Farmers 46
Chapter 3. RESEARCH DESIGN 48
3.1. Methods 48
3.2. Data Collection 48
3.3. Selection of Study Site and Sampling 50
3.4. Formulation of Survey Questionnaire 55
Chapter 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 58
4.1. Demographic data and livelihood of the respondents 58
4.2. Farmers' practices and utilization of agricultural land and rice variety 63
4.2.1. Agricultural land ownership and usage 63
4.2.2. Adoption of Improved Aromatic Rice 66
4.2.3. Varietal diversification in rice farms 71
4.3. Production and Economic Analysis of Rice Farming 77
4.3.1. Rice production and output 77
4.3.2. Rice marketing and income 81
4.3.3. Rice production cost 91
4.3.4. Economic effectiveness of rice production 94
Chapter 5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 97
5.1. Conclusions 97
5.2. Recommendations 101
REFERENCES 104
APPENDIXES 8
Appendix 1. Survey Questionnaire in English 109
Appendix 2. Survey Questionnaire in Khmer 113
Appendix 3. Key Informant Interview 118
Appendix 4. List of Rice Varieties Released by CARDI and MAFF 120
Appendix 5. List of Rice Varieties Grown by Interviewed Farmers 122
Appendix 6. Summary of Statistical Analysis 123
요약 127
Table 1. Ranking of rice yield, Southeast Asian countries and the world, 2014 17
Table 2. Rice yield by different varieties in different seasons 41
Table 3. Adoption rate of improved varieties in different regions (in percentage) 43
Table 4. Improved Aromatic Rice Varieties in Cambodia 46
Table 5. Rice production in Takeo in 2015 51
Table 6. Top 5 rice producers in 2015, sorted by Production 51
Table 7. Population, area, and density of the 4 districts 53
Table 8. Distribution of sample for household survey 54
Table 9. Distribution of respondent by gender 59
Table 10. Average age of respondent, by gender 59
Table 11. Respondent education 60
Table 12. Gender and age of household head 60
Table 13. Education of household head 61
Table 14. Primary occupation of the household head 62
Table 15. Family members 63
Table 16. Share of rice area in total agricultural land in average 64
Table 17. Reasons that farmers chose to grow aromatic rice 67
Table 18. Challenges on growing aromatic varieties 69
Table 19. Adoption incidence (number of household), by location 70
Table 20. Adoption intensity (share of area), by location 71
Table 21. Relationship between adoption with number of respondent and rice area 71
Table 22. Association between rice area and the number of varieties used in WS 73
Table 23. Number of varieties grown in wet season by adopter groups 75
Table 24. Different type of varieties grew by adopters and non-adopter 75
Table 25. Average output of rice per household 79
Table 26. Average yield of rice in WS and DS 80
Table 27. Descriptive statistic of yield 81
Table 28. Number of farmers sold rice (Wet Season only) 82
Table 29. Descriptive statistic of sale amount 83
Table 30. Percentage of rice sale as a proportion to total production 84
Table 31. Price of rice 85
Table 32. Descriptive statistic of price 85
Table 33. Real total income 86
Table 34. Descriptive statistic of gross income 88
Table 35. Association between gross income per hectare with, yield, price, and sale 89
Table 36. Association between gross income per hectare with, yield, price, and sale 90
Table 37. Category of traders who bought rice from farmers 91
Table 38. Cost of rice production per hectare in wet season 92
Table 39. Descriptive statistic of materials, labor, and total cost 93
Table 40. Association between total cost with material and labor costs 94
Table 41. Profit or net income of rice production per hectare 95
Table 42. Descriptive statistic of net income/profit 96
Table 43. Association between net income with gross income and total cost 96
Figure 1. Type of rice grown in 2013 19
Figure 2. Rice export in relation to production and surplus 20
Figure 3. Organization of the study flowchart 22
Figure 4. Actual and growth of rice cultivation area in dry season 37
Figure 5. Proportion of rice export in 2015 and 2016 45
Figure 6. Population by districts, Takeo province 53
Figure 7. Location of Takeo province and the 4 selected districts 55
Figure 8. Total agricultural land (h.a) per farm household 64
Figure 9. Total rice area (h.a) per farm household 65
Figure 10. Share of WS and DS rice area in the total rice area 66
Figure 11. Average size of rice fields per household in WS and DS 66
Figure 12. Number of years that farmers have been growing aromatic rice 68
Figure 13. Number of rice varieties used in wet season production by village 72
Figure 14. Number of farmers who have both IVs and TVs 75
Figure 15. Share of land for varietal diversification 76
Figure 16. Average size of rice area in WS and DS 78
Figure 17. Amount of rice sale in WS 83
Figure 18. Gross rice income per hectare 87