Title Page
ABSTRACT
Contents
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 14
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 17
1-1. Background 17
1-2. Legal Issues 22
1-3. Study Objective 23
1-4. Scope and Limitation of the Study 25
1-5. Research Methodology 26
CHAPTER TWO: THE PROTECTION OF THE WOMEN UNDER THE INTERNATIONAL LEGAL FRAMEWORK 27
2-1. The Introduction to International Humanitarian Law 27
2-1.1. Legal Source of International Humanitarian Law 27
2-2. The Peacekeeping Operations 31
2-2.1. The Historical Development of Peacekeeping Operations 33
2-2.2. Organizational Structure of Peacekeeping Operations 37
2-3. The General Introduction to the Sexual Exploitation and Abuse 40
2-3.1. The Development of the Prohibition of the SEA 41
2-3.2. Definition of Sexual Exploitation and Abuse 44
2-3.3. The Scope of Application and Standards on the SEA 50
2-4. The General Protection under International law 52
2-4.1. The Women Protection under the International Humanitarian Law 53
2-4.2. The Women Protection Under the IHRL 55
2-5. Special Protection 57
CHAPTER THREE: THE APPLICABILITY AND OBLIGATION OF THE UN PEACEKEEPERS OF THE INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW TO THE PEACE OPERATIONS 59
3-1. Applicability of the IHL to the UN Peacekeeping Operations 59
3-1.1. Status of Force Agreements (SOFA) 61
3-1.2. The Convention on the Safety of United Nations and Associated Personnel 62
3-1.3. The Bulletin on the Observance by United Nations Forces of International Humanitarian Law 63
3-2. The Status of the UN Peacekeepers 66
3-2.1. Peacekeepers under the International Humanitarian Law 68
3-2.2. Peacekeepers under the U.N Documents 70
3-2.3. The Status Of UN peacekeepers under Customary Law 72
3-3. UN Peacekeepers' Obligations 73
3-3.1. The General Principle of UN peacekeeping operations 73
3-3.2. The Blue Helmet's Code of Conduct 75
3-4. The obligations of the Troop Contributing Countries 77
3-3.1. Assuring the accountability of the committed crimes or offences 77
3-3.2. Information Sharing 80
CHAPTER FOUR: THE ISSUES AND KEY RESPONSE TO THE WOMEN PROTECTION DURING THE UN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS IN THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO 83
4-1. The UN Peacekeeping Operations in the DRC 83
4-1.1. The Establishment of MONUSCO 84
4-1.2. The notion of Intervention 90
4-2. The Applicability of IHL to the MONUSCO and Intervention Brigade 97
4-2.1. Determining the Armed-Conflict in the DRC 98
4-2.2. The MONUSCO as a party to the Armed-Conflict 104
4-2.3. Legal Status of Peacekeepers under MONUSCO and Intervention Brigade 108
4-3. The Challenges to the Women Protection in the Congo 110
4-3.1. Allegation of the SEA by UN Personnel 110
4-3.2. Unwanted Pregnancies 118
4-3.3. Substantive challenges 119
4-3.4. Lack of evidence and insufficient investigation 121
4-3.5. Immunity vs. Impunity 122
4-4. International response to the Sexual Exploitation and Abuse 124
4-4.1. United Nations' Response to the SEA 124
CHAPTER FIVE: THE FUTURE OF THE WOMEN PROTECTION FROM SEXUAL EXPLOITATION COMMITTED BY THE UN PEACEKEEPERS DURING THE UN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS 131
5-1. The National efforts over the Sexual Exploitation and Abuse 132
5-1.1. A vetting mechanism on the Security Forces 132
5-1.2. The Amendment on Paragraph 47 of the Model UN Status of Force Agreement 136
5-2. The Problem Solving at the International Level 139
5-2.1. The feasibility of the Special Permanent Court 140
CHAPTER VI: CONCLUSION 145
References 149
Table 1: The Current Peacekeeping Operations 33
Table 2: The Allegation, Investigation and Actions from 2016 to 2017 79
Table 3: The Response of Member States on the SEA Allegations 81
Table 4: The Sexual Exploitation and Abuse (SEA) from 2010 to 2017 112