Title Page
Contents
Abstract 11
1.0. Introduction 13
1.1. Background of the research 13
1.2. History of the research 13
1.3. Ecosystem-based fisheries management (EBFM) 17
1.4. Purpose of the study 20
2.0. Materials and Methods 25
2.1. Study area and site 25
2.2. Methods 27
2.2.1. Data sources 28
2.2.2. Target limit reference point and indicators for the Tier 2 assessment for sea cucumber, Holothuria scabra of the PNG coral reef fishery 36
2.2.3. Target and limit reference points for indicators for sustainability 40
2.2.4. Target and limit reference points for indicators for biodiversity 43
2.2.5. Target and limit reference points for indicators for habitat quality 45
2.2.6. Target and limit reference points for indicators for socio-economic benefits 47
2.3. Assessment for sea cucumber, Holothuria scabra in the PNG coral reef fishery by the Tier 2 approach 49
3.0. Results 51
3.1. Assessment of risk scores to each indicator for sustainability of sea cucumber, Holothuria scabra of the PNG coral reef fishery 51
3.2. Assessment of risk scores to each indicator for biodiversity of sea cucumber, Holothuria scabra of the PNG coral reef fishery 54
3.3. Assessment of risk scores to each indicator for habitat quality of sea cucumber, Holothuria scabra of the PNG coral reef fishery 56
3.4. Assessment of risk scores to each indicator for the socio-economic benefits of sea cucumber, Holothuria scabra of the PNG coral reef fishery 58
3.5. Risk zones for the number of indicators for sea cucumber, Holothuria scabra of the PNG coral reef assessed by the Tier 2 approach 61
3.6. Objective risk indices (ORI's) assessed by the Tier 2 approach for sea cucumber, Holothuria scabra of the PNG coral reef fishery 63
3.7. Species risk index assessed by the Tier 2 approach for sea cucumber, Holothuria scabra of the PNG coral reef fishery 65
3.8. Ecosystem-based ABC estimation of sea cucumber, Holothuria scabra of the PNG coral reef 66
4.0. Discussion 68
References 73
Appendix 77
Appendix I: Target and limit reference points for indicators of sustainability in the Tier 2 EBFA. 77
Appendix II: Target and limit reference points for indicators of biodiversity in the Tier 2 EBFA. 81
Appendix III: Target and limit reference points for indicators of habitat quality in the Tier 2 EBFA. 82
Appendix IV: Target and limit reference points for indicators of socio-economic benefits in the Tier 2 EBFA. 86
Appendix V: Example of questionnaire survey form 90
Table 1.1. Total allowable catch for sea cucumber, Holothuria scabra for the PNG coral reef fishery by year since 1998 22
Table 2.1. Questionnaire survey form for fishermen for the management of... 29
Table 2.2. Relevant categories of the questionnaire for assessing indicators of... 42
Table 2.3. Relevant categories of the questionnaire for assessing indicators of... 44
Table 2.4. Relevant categories of the questionnaire for assessing indicators of... 46
Table 2.5. Relevant categories of the questionnaire for assessing indicators of... 48
Table 3.1. Mean and relative weights for indicators according to risk scores... 53
Table 3.2. Mean and relative weights for indicators according to risk scores... 55
Table 3.3. Mean and relative weights for indicators according to risk scores... 57
Table 3.4. Mean and relative weights for indicators according to risk scores... 60
Table 3.5. Risk zones for the number of indicators for the sea cucumber,... 62
Figure 1.1. Catch trend for sea cucumber fishery in Papua New Guinea. The... 16
Figure 1.2. Identification of objectives and attributes for the ecosystem-... 19
Figure 1.3. Catch trend for sea cucumber, Holothuria scabra in East New... 23
Figure 1.4. Distribution of coral reefs along the coastline of PNG and... 24
Figure 2.1. Map showing the East New Britain Province on the Island of... 26
Figure 2.2. Reference point (RP) and risk indices for the ecosystem-based... 38
Figure 3.1. Objective risk diagram for sea cucumber, Holothuria scabra of... 64
Figure 3.2. Species risk index diagram for target species Holothuria scabra 65
Figure 3.3. Ecosystem-based ABC estimation of sea cucumber, Holothuria... 67