Title Page
Contents
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 8
1.1. Background 8
1.2. Purposes of this study 9
CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 10
2.1. Global situation in pig sector 10
2.2. South Korea situation in pig sector 10
2.3. Treatment Technology for Manure Management 12
2.3.1. Physical Processes 14
2.3.2. Chemical Processes 17
2.3.3. Biological Processes 18
2.3.4. Natural systems 20
2.4. Examples of nitrogen removal from pig manure 24
2.4.1. Ammonia stripping 24
2.4.2. Vacuum evaporation 27
CHAPTER 3. METHODS 31
3.1. Characteristics of pig manure samples 31
3.2. Experimental Design 32
3.3. Experimental procedure 33
3.4. Analytical methods 35
CHAPTER 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 36
4.1. Effects of the pretreatment on concentrate characteristics 36
4.1.1. Melting after freezing 36
4.1.2. Being pretreated by ultrasonic crusher 40
4.2. Effects of the temperature on condensate characteristics for raw pig manure 45
CHAPTER 5. CONCLUSIONS 47
REFERENCES 48
ABSTRACT 51
Table 1. Farm receipts in the agricultural sector for South Korea. 11
Table 2. Technological strategies based on nitrogen management. 14
Table 3. Characteristics of pig manure samples used. 31
Table 4. Characteristics of the pig manure melting after freezing 37
Table 5. Characteristics of the pig manure pretreated by ultrasonic crusher 40
Table 6. Comparison of characteristics of the concentrate pretreated by melting after freezing and ultrasonic crusher 44
Table 7. Characteristics of the concentrate obtained at different temperature for raw pig manure 46
Figure 1. Meat consumption in South Korea. 11
Figure 2. Head per operation by year in South Korea. 12
Figure 3. Examples of manure separators used in liquid-manure handling. 16
Figure 4. Chemical application to manure in storage tanks for phosphorus removal; struvite recovery reactor from manure to recover phosphorus. 17
Figure 5. Full-scale manure-treatment technologies on farms using manure separation and aeration. 20
Figure 6. Examples of constructed wetland systems. 22
Figure 7. Framework of manure management. 23
Figure 8. Schematic representation of the continuous stripping bench plant. 26
Figure 9. Schematic representation of the laboratory set up of the semi-batch and 0.266 stripper/absorber system. 27
Figure 10. Schematics of vacuum evaporation system a, b. 30
Figure 11. Vacuum evaporation process: 32
Figure 12. Experimental procedure for vacuum evaporation 33
Figure 13. Equipment of vacuum evaporation. 34
Figure 14. Effects of pretreatment by melting after freezing on characteristics of manure samples, concentrate and residual 38
Figure 15. Effects of pretreatment by ultrasonic crusher on characteristics of manure samples, concentrate and residual 41
Figure 16. Effects of temperature on characteristics of raw pig manure, concentrate and residual 45