Title Page
Contents
Chapter I. Introduction 13
1.1. Background 13
1.2. Coastal Hazard Management Plan for Beach Protection 21
1.3. Purposes and Objective of the Study 23
1.4. Organization of Thesis 24
Chapter II. Coastal Hazard Management 26
2.1. Definition of Coastal Area 26
2.1.1. Definition 26
2.1.2. Coastal Problems 29
2.1.3. Coastal Protection 37
2.2. Climate Change and its Impact on Coastal Area 48
2.2.1. Climate Change 49
2.2.2. Sea Level Rise 52
2.2.3. Sea Level Change Factors 58
2.2.4. Storm Surges 60
2.2.5. Coastal Flood 61
2.2.6. Drought 62
2.3. Potential Consequences of Climate Change and Sea Level Rise 63
2.3.1. Wave Energy 64
2.3.2. Storm Intensity 66
2.3.3. Flooding and Inundation 67
2.3.4. Harbor Seiching 71
2.4. Coastal Hazard Management 73
2.4.1. Coastal Hazard 73
2.4.2. Definition of Coastal Hazard Management 76
2.4.3. Key Concepts of Coastal Hazard Management 77
Chapter III. Coastal Hazard Management Framework and Lesson Learned from United States, Japan, South Korea, and Indonesia 83
3.1. Research Methods 83
3.1.1. Qualitative Research 83
3.1.2. Case Study 85
3.1.3. Comparative Research 86
3.2. Selection of Research Country, Area and Sites (Arenas of Action) 88
3.2.1. The United States 88
3.2.2. Japan 100
3.2.3. South Korea 106
3.2.4. Indonesia 112
3.3. Lesson Learned from South Korea, Indonesia, USA, and Japan regarding to Coastal Hazard Management 116
3.3.1. Coastal Hazard Management Phases 116
3.3.2. Management Performance on Coastal Hazard Mitigation Tools and Techniques 122
Chapter IV. Mitigation Effort on Protecting the Beach from Coastal Hazard 142
4.1. Introduction 142
4.2. Important Factors to Protect Coastal Area from Natural Hazard 143
4.3. Data Gathering and Field Investigation 145
4.4. Numerical Simulation and Experiment Setup 152
4.4.1. Numerical Simulation 152
4.4.2. Hydraulic Model Test 156
4.5. Selecting Coastal Hazard Countermeasure Plan 166
Chapter V. Beach Nourishment as an Example of Shoreline Protection in Coastal Hazard Management 170
5.1. Introduction of Beach Nourishment 170
5.2. Beach Nourishment as Shoreline Protection 170
5.3. Alternative Method for Sand Placement 173
5.4. Experimental Result 176
Chapter VI. Conclusion and Recommendation 186
6.1. Conclusion 186
6.2. Recommendation 189
References 191
ABSTRACT 208
논문개요 210
Table 3.1. Comparison of management performance on coastal hazard mitigation tools and techniques 124
Table 4.1. Representative pattern of ISPS and its characteristic (ISPS=Integrated Shore Protection System) 167
Table 5.1. Experimental section 175
Figure 2.1. Definition of coastal terms. 27
Figure 2.2. Localized erosion on the downdrift side of a timber groin in Manasquan, NJ. 30
Figure 2.3. Sediment offset at Manasquan Inlet, New Jersey. 31
Figure 2.4. Damage to breakaway walls under an oceanfront house in Brant Beach, Long Beach Island. 34
Figure 2.5. Raft of debris left on Beach Ave. (Ocean Blvd.) just landward of the seawall. 35
Figure 2.6. Compressed air trapped between a breaking wave and a vertical wall generates extreme horizontal pressure, often leading to structural failure. 36
Figure 2.7. Erosion due to wave runup under elevated buildings in Scituate, Massachusetts. 37
Figure 2.8. Simply adding more sand to the beach. 40
Figure 2.9. Extensive groin field along the Monmouth County, New Jersey coast. 41
Figure 2.10. Jetties constructed to stabilize Inlet. 42
Figure 2.11. Aerial photograph showing advanced terminal groin effects. 43
Figure 2.12. A sheet metal bulkhead installed to prevent the undermining of a dune and adjacent home. 44
Figure 2.13. Rock faced concrete revetments with sheet piled toe and rock armour apron. 45
Figure 2.14. Seawall now protects a main evacuation route and local community 46
Figure 2.15. Coastal area designs to provide protected beaches and bathing areas for the burgeoning tourist industry 47
Figure 2.16. Floating breakwater constructed of rotationally modeled high-strength plastic at the Themesport Marina, New London. 48
Figure 2.17. The reference mean sea level since January 1993 57
Figure 2.18. Map of patterns of observed sea level 58
Figure 2.19. Storm Surge vs. Storm Tide 61
Figure 2.20. Wave overtopping a coastal embankment. 62
Figure 2.21. characteristics of waves change on approaching a shore 65
Figure 2.22. Significant flooding in New Orleans as a result of Hurricane Katrina and the failure of the city's flood protection systems 70
Figure 2.23. A village near the coast of Sumatra lies in ruin on January 2, 2005 after the devastating tsunami 71
Figure 2.24. Seiche's are sudden waves or rises in the sea level. 73
Figure 2.25. Key concepts involved in disaster risk management and climate change adaptation, and the interaction of these with sustainable development. 79
Figure 2.26. A conceptual framework for coastal impact and vulnerability assessment of sea-level rise 80
Figure 3.1. Number of countries studied and degree of detail 87
Figure 3.2. Katrina's high winds and a storm surge 90
Figure 3.3. Flooding causes more damage in the United States than any other severe weather related event 92
Figure 3.4. A tsunami following the 1964 Good Friday earthquake caused damage in Kodiak, Alaska 94
Figure 3.5. Responsibilities by Administrative Level in Japan 105
Figure 3.6. Coastal Hazard Management Cycle Chart 121
Figure 3.7. Graphs of management performance comparison on coastal hazard mitigation tools and techniques between United States, Japan, South Korea, and Indonesia. 140
Figure 3.8. Stakeholders Relationship and Cooperation in accordance with the Coastal Hazard Management Performance 141
Figure 4.1. The Flowchart of Numerical Models for Beach Erosion Analysis 156
Figure 4.2. Wave Flume for 2 Dimensional Hydraulic Model Test 158
Figure 4.3. Example of Wave Flume Dimension 159
Figure 4.4. Wave Flume Setup 160
Figure 4.5. Examples of 3 Dimensional Hydraulic Model Test 161
Figure 4.6. Wavemaker for 3 Dimensional Hydraulic Model Test 162
Figure 4.7. Digital Camera Setup for Recording the Experiment 163
Figure 4.8. Example of Rip Current Experiment using 3 Dimensional Hydraulic Model 164
Figure 5.1. Alternative Method 174
Figure 5.2. New beach profile 174
Figure 5.3. Accretion, eroding distance measuring result (erosion wave, accretion wave) 178
Figure 5.4. Result of Sampling (Case 1) 180
Figure 5.5. Result of Sampling (Case 2) 181
Figure 5.6. Result of Sampling (Case 3) 182
Figure 5.7. Result of Sampling (Case 4) 183