Title page
Contents
Ⅰ. INTRODUCTION 7
Ⅱ. MATERIALS & METHODS 11
Ⅱ.1. Animals and Husbandry 11
Ⅱ.2. Test article and Formulation 12
Ⅱ.3. Induction of Subacute Hepatic damage 13
Ⅱ.4. Measurement of Body Weights 13
Ⅱ.5. Measurement of Liver Weights 14
Ⅱ.6. Measurement of AST and ALT levels 14
Ⅱ.7. Assays for hepatic contents 15
Ⅱ.8. Histopathology and Histomorphometry 16
Ⅱ.9. Statistical Analyses 16
Ⅲ. RESULTS 18
Ⅲ.1. Changes on the Body Weights and Gains 18
Ⅲ.2. Changes on the Liver Weight 22
Ⅲ.3. Changes of Serum AST Levels 23
Ⅲ.4. Changes of Serum ALT Levels 26
Ⅲ.5. Changes of Liver Protein Contents 28
Ⅲ.6. Changes of Liver Malondialdehyde Contents 29
Ⅲ.7. Changes of Liver Hydroxyproline Contents 30
Ⅲ.8. Changes on the Histopathology-Histomorphometry of Liver 31
Ⅳ. DISCUSSION 47
Ⅴ. SUMMARY 55
Ⅵ. REFERENCES 57
초록 69
Table 1. Group ID and Composition of test articles used in this study. 35
Table 2-1. Changes on the body weight and gains in intact and CCl₄-induced subacute hepatic damaged rats after PR extract treatment 36
Table 2-2. Changes on the body weight and gains in intact and CCl₄-induced subacute hepatic damaged rats after PR extract treatment 37
Table 3. Changes on the liver weights in intact and CCl₄-induced subacute hepatic damaged rats after PR extract treatment 38
Table 4. Changes on the serum AST levels in intact and CCl₄-induced subacute hepatic damaged rats after PR extract treatment 39
Table 5. Changes on the serum ALT levels in intact and CCl₄-induced subacute hepatic damaged rats after PR extract treatment 40
Table 6. Changes on the liver protein, malondialdehyde and hydroxyproline contents in intact and CCl₄-induced subacute hepatic damaged rats after PR extract treatment 41
Table 7. Changes on the percentages of degenerative regions of liver in intact and CCl₄-induced subacute hepatic damaged rats after PR extract treatment 42
Fig 1. Histopathological changes of kidney detected on the liver of intact (A, B) and CCl₄ (C, D) controls. Note that only slight fatty changes are detected in intact control but centrolobular hepatic necrosis and fibrosis were detected with moderate.... 44
Fig 2. Histopathological changes of kidney detected on the liver of silymarin 100 (A, B) and PR extracts 50 (C, D) mg/kg-dosing groups. Note that severe centrolobular hepatic necrosis and fibrosis were detected with moderate inflammatory cell infiltrations in CCl₄ control (Fig 1C, D).... 45
Fig 3. Histopathological changes of kidney detected on the liver of PR extracts 100 (A, B) and 200 (C, D) mg/kg-dosing groups. Note that severe centrolobular hepatic necrosis and fibrosis were detected with moderate inflammatory cell infiltrations in CCl₄ control (Fig 1C, D).... 46
EQUATION 1. Body weigh Gains (g) = Body weight gains throughout the whole experimental periods (Day 0 ~ Day 70) 13
EQUATION 2. Relative liver weight (%) = [(Absolute liver weight / Body weight at sacrifice) × 100] 14
EQUATION 3. Changes of serum AST and ALT levels (IU/L) = Serum levels at sacrifice - Serum levels at 1 day before dosing 14
EQUATION 4. Percentage Changes vs intact control (%) = ((Data of CCl₄ control - Data of intact control)/Data of intact control) × 100 17
EQUATION 5. Percentage Changes vs CCl₄ control (%) = ((Data of test article-dosing groups - Data of CCl₄ control)/Data of CCl₄ control) × 100 17