영문목차
Title page=0,1,4
Contents=i,5,5
List of Tables=vi,10,2
List of Figures=viii,12,4
Acknowledgments=xii,16,3
ABSTRACT=xv,19,3
I. Introduction=1,22,1
1.1 Backgrounds=1,22,3
1.2 Biological wastewater treatment=4,25,4
1.2.1 Aerobic treatment process=8,29,6
1.2.2 Anaerobic treatment process=14,35,2
1.3 Microbial fuel cell(MFC)=16,37,1
1.3.1 Constituent and system of a microbial fuel cell=16,37,4
1.3.2 Mediator-less microbial fuel cell=19,40,5
1.3.3 Membrane-less microbial fuel cell=24,45,3
1.3.4 Microbiology in microbial fuel cell=26,47,3
1.4 Research objectives=29,50,2
II. Operational properties of membrane-less microbial fuel cell=31,52,1
2.1 Introduction=31,52,3
2.2 Materials and Methods=34,55,1
2.2.1 Membrane-less microbial fuel cell and its operation=34,55,2
2.2.2 Wastewater=35,56,2
2.2.3 Operation of microbial fuel cell(MFC)=36,57,2
2.2.4 Analyses=38,59,2
2.3 Results and Discussion=40,61,1
2.3.1 Enrichment of electrochemically active microbes and start-up of membrane-less microbial fuel cell(ML-MFC-1)=40,61,2
2.3.2 Effect of operational conditions on the fuel cell performance=42,63,1
2.3.2.1 Effect of external resistance=42,63,2
2.3.2.2 Distance between the electrodes=44,65,2
2.3.2.3 Effects of aeration into the cathode compartment=46,67,3
2.3.3 Improvement of cathode reaction=49,70,1
2.3.3.1 Effect of platinum-coated graphite as cathode=49,70,2
2.3.3.2 Effect of NaCl addition to the cathode compartment=50,71,2
2.3.3.3 Effect of acidification of cathode=52,73,1
2.4 Conclusion=53,74,1
III. Electricity generation and sludge production in membrane-less microbial fuel cell=54,75,1
3.1 Introduction=54,75,3
3.2 Materials and Methods=57,78,1
3.2.1 Membrane-less microbial fuel cell(ML-MFC-2)and its operation=57,78,2
3.2.2 Wastewater=58,79,2
3.2.3 Operation of MFCs=59,80,1
3.2.4 Preparation of Pt-coated graphite electrode=59,80,1
3.2.5 Analyses=60,81,1
3.3 Results and Discussion=61,82,1
3.3.1 Optimization of anode compartment=62,83,1
3.3.1.1 Effect of electrode shape packed in the anode compartment=62,83,2
3.3.1.2 Effect of distance on the performance of a microbial fuel cell=63,84,3
3.3.1.3 Effect of channelling phenomenon in the anode compartment=65,86,3
3.3.1.4 Effect of NaCl and phosphate buffer as electrolyte on the current generation=68,89,4
3.3.1.5 Effect of NaN₃ as respiratory inhibitor for improvement of a microbial fuel cell=72,93,5
3.3.2 Optimization of cathode compartment=77,98,1
3.3.2.1 Effect of DO concentration in the cathode on the current generation=77,98,2
3.3.2.2 Effect of Pt/C weight loaded on the electricity generation=78,99,4
3.3.3 MFCs operation using Pt loaded electrode with 5.3 mg/cm²=82,103,1
3.3.3.1 Effect of fuel rate supplied in an anode compartment=83,104,3
3.3.3.2 Current generation using Pt loading electrode=85,106,2
3.3.3.3 Comparison of electricity generation using polarization curve=86,107,3
3.3.4 Biomass production=89,110,3
3.3.4.1 Biomass production from the ML-MFC using glucose as fuel=92,113,2
3.3.4.2 Biomass production from MFC fed with acetate=94,115,4
3.3.4.3 Biomass production used fermentation and non-fermentation substrate=97,118,4
3.3.4.4 Estimation of biomass production per mol ATP(YATP)in MFCs(이미지참조)=100,121,8
3.3.5 Energy-producing wastewater treatment system=108,129,2
3.3.5.1 Electricity generation from wastewater=110,131,2
3.3.5.2 Microbial fuel cell performance=111,132,3
3.3.5.3 Comparison of MFCs performance=114,135,4
3.4 Conclusion=118,139,2
IV. Hydrodynamic properties of ML-MFC=120,141,1
4.1 Introduction=120,141,1
4.2 Materials and Methods=121,142,1
4.2.1 Membrane-less microbial fuel cell(ML-MFC-3)=121,142,2
4.2.2 Residence time distribution(RTD) test=122,143,2
4.2.3 Wastewater=123,144,1
4.2.4 ML-MFC operation and analyses=123,144,2
4.3 Results and Discussion=125,146,1
4.3.1 Residence time distribution=125,146,1
4.3.1.1 RTD curve on the equal height=125,146,2
4.3.1.2 RTD curve on the equal weight=126,147,2
4.3.1.3 Effect of flow rate on RTD=128,149,2
4.3.1.4/(4.3.1.5) Data fitting using flow model=130,151,2
4.3.2 Start-up process=132,153,2
4.3.2.1 RTD character after enrichment=133,154,2
4.3.3 Electrochemical property=135,156,1
4.3.3.1 Effect of fuel loading rate in ML-MFC-3=135,156,1
4.3.3.2 Character of polarization curve=135,156,2
4.3.4 Dynamic property=137,158,2
4.3.5 COD removal and electricity generation=139,160,3
4.4 Conclusion=142,163,1
V. Microbial diversity in the ML-MFC=143,164,1
5.1 Introduction=143,164,6
5.2 Materials and Methods=149,170,1
5.2.1 Collection of electrode sample=149,170,1
5.2.2 Extraction genomic DNA from anode electrode=149,170,5
5.2.3 Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis=153,174,2
5.3 Results and Discussion=155,176,1
5.3.1 Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope(ESEM) of biomass enriched on the electrode=155,176,2
5.3.2 Genomic DNA extraction from electrode=157,178,2
5.3.3 Amplification of complete 16S ribosomal DNA=159,180,1
5.3.4 Amplification of bacterial hypervariable 16S rDNA=159,180,5
5.4 Conclusion=164,185,1
VI. General Conclusion=165,186,4
VII. Reference=169,190,9
VIII. Supplement Nitrilotriacetic acid degradation under microbial fuel cell environment(Application)=178,199,13
[abstract in korean]=191,212,3
Table1.1 Major biological treatment processes used for wastewater treatment=6,27,1
Table1.2 Definitions of common terminology for biological wastewater treatment=7,28,1
Table1.3 Classification of microorganism by electron donor, electron acceptor, sources of cell carbon, and end products=10,31,1
Table1.4 Advantages and disadvantages of anaerobic processes compared to aerobic processes=15,36,1
Table1.5 Free energy generated by NADH oxidation in the microbial fermentation(Kim et al., 1995.)=27,48,1
Table2.1 The composition of modified artificial wastewater=37,58,1
Table2.2 The effects of aeration rate to the cathode on the performance of ML-MFC=48,69,1
Table3.1 Current value under dissolved oxygen concentration of a cathode compartment=78,99,1
Table3.2 Coulomb yield, current, and COD value increasing Pt loading=81,102,1
Table3.3 Electricity generation and COD value on the fed rate of fuel=84,105,1
Table3.4 Effect of fuel concentration on the production of SS and protein in the ML-MFC using glucose+glutamate as fuel=93,114,1
Table3.5 Effect of fuel concentration on the production of SS and protein in the ML-MFC using acetate as fuel=96,117,1
Table3.6 Comparison of SS production and COD removal rate using different fuel and fuel cell type=99,120,1
Table3.7 Sludge generation and disposal=106,127,1
Table3.8 Performance of MFCs based on different type fuel cell=115,136,1
Table4.1 Effects of loading rate on current generation and COD removal=140,161,1
Table4.2 Comparison of MFC performances=141,162,1
Table5.1 Reagents for casting parallel gradient gel=154,175,1
Fig.1.1 Examples of bacteria metabolism=11,32,1
Fig.1.2 Simple schematic diagram of suspended growth biological treatment processes(A-1, A-2) and attached growth biological treatment processes(B-1, B-2)=13,34,1
Fig.1.3 Schematic representation of a microbial fuel cell=17,38,1
Fig.1.4 The limiting steps in a mediator-less MFC=19,40,1
Fig.1.5 A proposed schematic diagram of electron transfer reaction between cytochrom located in metal reducing bacteria outer membrane and electrode in a mediator-less microbial fuel cell=21,42,1
Fig.1.6 Microbial fuel cell=23,44,1
Fig.1.7 Mechanism of membrane-less microbial fuel cell=25,46,1
Fig.2.1 First model of membrane-less microbial fuel cell=35,56,1
Fig.2.2 The start-up of a membrane-less microbial fuel cell=41,62,1
Fig.2.3 Current generation through the different external resistance=43,64,1
Fig.2.4 Polarization curve of the ML-MFC operated with the distance between the anode and cathode of 10 cm(open symbols)and 30 cm(closed symbols)=45,66,1
Fig.2.5 Effects of aeration rate to the cathode compartment on the current generation=47,68,1
Fig.2.6 Current generation by ML-MFC with different cathode=50,71,1
Fig.2.7 Current generation with NaCl addition to the cathode as electrolyte=51,72,1
Fig.2.8 Cathode acidification and current generation=52,73,1
Fig.3.1 Improved second and third model of ML-MLC-2=58,79,1
Fig.3.2 Current generation on the electrode shape=63,84,1
Fig.3.3 Effect of distance on the performance of a microbial fuel cell=65,86,1
Fig.3.4 Current recovery after a period of starvation=67,88,1
Fig.3.5 Effect of NaCl as electrolyte on the current generation=69,90,1
Fig.3.6 Effect of phosphate buffer as electrolyte on the current generation=71,92,1
Fig.3.7 Effect of aeration in the cathode compartment on the current generation=73,94,1
Fig.3.8 The current generation from MFCs fed with AW containing nitrate and azide=75,96,1
Fig.3.9 Effect of DO concentration in cathode compartment on the current generation=77,98,1
Fig.3.10 Effect of variation of Pt loading weight of on the cathode=79,100,1
Fig.3.11 Effect of Pt as catalyst on the current generation=80,101,1
Fig.3.12 Effect of fuel rate supplied in the anode compartment=84,105,1
Fig.3.13 Current generation using Pt loaded electrode with 5.3mg/cm²=86,107,1
Fig.3.14 Polarization curve using electrode loaded with 5.3 mg Pt/cm²=88,109,1
Fig.3.15 Polarization curve using electrode loaded with 0.28 mg Pt/cm²=88,109,1
Fig.3.16 CV result of electrochemically active bacteria enriched in the MFC=90,111,1
Fig.3.17 Current generation from acetate-MFC in the various fuel concentration=94,115,1
Fig.3.18 The electron tower=102,123,1
Fig.3.19 Simple diagram for metabolic pathway in the MFC=103,124,1
Fig.3.20 Electricity generation by ML-MFC during operation on 200mg/l, 24ml/min=110,131,1
Fig.3.21 Current density vs volt using electrode loaded Pt with 0.28, 0.7, 5.3 mg/cm²=113,134,1
Fig.3.22 Current density vs power density using electrode loaded Pt with 0.28, 0.7, 5.3mg/cm²=113,134,1
Fig.4.1 Schematic diagram of ML-MFC-3 configuration=121,142,1
Fig.4.2 F curves of ML-MFC-3 packed with perforated graphite felt disk and control graphite felt disk. Bed heights were identical as 4.8 cm=125,146,1
Fig.4.3 F curves of ML-MFC-3 packed with perforated graphite felt disk and control graphite felt disk. Bed weights were identical as 9.6 g=127,148,1
Fig.4.4 Effect of flow rate on F curve using Control disk=129,150,1
Fig.4.5 Effect of flow rate on F curve using Perforated disk=129,150,1
Fig.4.6 C curves in ML-MFC-3=131,152,1
Fig.4.7 Enrichment of electrochemically active microbes using MFCs with different anode structure. The AW of 100 mg COD/l was fed at the flow rate of 0.15 ml/min=133,154,1
Fig.4.8 F curves of ML-MFC-3 after enrichment=134,155,1
Fig.4.9 Polarization curves of MFCs with different anode structure. The AW of 300 mg/l was fed at flow rate of 0.3 ml/min=136,157,1
Fig.4.10 Dynamics reponses of MFCs with different anode structure to the change in AW load=138,159,1
Fig.5.1 Analysis of microbial community from environmental sample=146,167,1
Fig.5.2 A flow diagram illustrating the procedure of analysis for microbial populations in the ML-MFC=148,169,1
Fig.5.3 Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope(ESEM) of anode electrode of ML-MFC after enrichment for 1 year=156,177,1
Fig.5.4 Genomic DNA from ML-MFC enriched with glucose and glutamate=158,179,1
Fig.5.5 Amplified bacterial nearly complete 16S rDNA using genomic DNA as a template=160,181,1
Fig.5.6 Amplified 200 bp of hypervariable 16S rDNA using nested PCR=161,182,1
Fig.5.7 Compare of DGGE patterns of microbial communities of various MFCs=162,183,1
Fig.5.8 Genetic similarity of microbial community profiles using DGGE band patterns=163,184,1