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Title Page
Abstract
Contents
List of Abbreviations 16
I. INTRODUCTION 17
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS 21
2-1. Biotransformation of icariin (ICA) by human intestinal bacteria 21
2-1-1. Chemicals 21
2-1-2. General HPLC method 22
2-1-3. Biotransformation of ICA by the mixed cell cultures 24
2-1-4. Bacterial isolation and identification 24
2-1-5. Isolated bacterial cultures and biotransformation of flavonoid glycosides 26
2-1-6. Biotransformation of ICA by Blautia sp MRG-PMF-1 27
2-1-7. Structural analyses of ICA metabolites produced by Streptococcus sp. MRG-ICA-B, Enterococcus sp. MRG-ICA-E and Blautia sp. MRG-PMF-1 27
2-1-8. Biotransformation kinetics 29
2-1-9. Oxygen resistance of isolated bacteria 29
2-1-10. Inhibition of hydrolysis reaction by gluconolactone 30
2-2. Biotransformation of Epimedium koreanum extract by human intestinal bacteria 32
2-2-1. Plant materials and chemicals 32
2-2-2. Epimedium koreanum extract 32
2-2-3. General HPLC method 33
2-2-4. Biotransformation of E. koreanum extract by Streptococcus sp. MRG-ICA-B and Enterococcus sp. MRG-ICA-E 34
2-2-5. Biotransformation of E. koreanum extract by Blautia sp. MRG-PMF-1 34
2-2-6. Structural analysi is of E. koreanum extract and the biotransformed products 35
2-2-7. Antibacterial activity of E. koreanumextract and the biotransformed product 36
2-2-8. Antioxidant activity of E. koreanum extract and the biotransformed product 37
2-2-9. Biotransformation of E. koreanum extract by the mixed cell cultures 37
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 39
3-1. Biotransformation of icariin (ICA) by human intestinal bacteria 39
3-1-1. Biotransformation of ICA by the mixed cell cultures 39
3-1-2. Isolation and identification of human intestinal bacteria metabolizing ICA 42
3-1-3. Structural analyses of ICA metabolites by Streptococcus sp. MRG-ICA-B, Enterococcus sp. MRG-ICA-E and Blautia sp. MRG-PMF-1 48
3-1-4. Substrate specificity and biotransformation kinetics of Streptococcus sp. MRG-ICA-B and Enterococcus sp. MRG-ICA-E 53
3-1-5. Oxygen resistance of isolated bacteria 65
3-1-6. Inhibition of hydrolysis reaction by gluconolactone 66
3-2. Biotransformation of Epimedium koreanum extract by human intestinal bacteria 70
3-2-1. Epimedium koreanum extract 70
3-2-2. Biotransformation of E. koreanum extract by Streptococcus sp. MRG-ICA-B and Enterococcus sp. MRG-ICA-E 76
3-2-3. Biotransformation of E. koreanum extract by Blautia sp. MRG-PMF-1 78
3-2-4. Antibacterial activity test of E. koreanum extract and biotransformed product 85
3-2-5. Antioxidant activity test of E. koreanum extract and the biotransformed products 86
3-2-6. Biotransformation of E. koreanum extract by the mixed cell cultures 88
IV. CONCLUSION 90
REFERENCES 92
Appendix 103
1. 16S rRNA gene partial sequence of Streptococcus sp. MRG-ICA-A 103
2. 16S rRNA gene partial sequence of Streptococcus sp. MRG-ICA-B 105
3. 16S rRNA gene partial sequence of Streptococcus sp. MRG-ICA-C 107
4. 16S rRNA gene partial sequence of Streptococcus sp. MRG-ICA-D 109
5. 16S rRNA gene partial sequence of Enterococcus sp. MRG-ICA-E 111
국문초록 133
Table 1. Reactivity of Streptococcus sp. MRG-ICA-B and Enterococcus sp.... 54
Table 2. Bacterial growth inhibition of E. koreanum extract and the... 86
Table 3. DPPH radical scavenging activity of E. koreanum extract and the... 87
Fig. 1. Prenylflavonol glycosides in Epimedium 18
Fig. 2. General HPLC method for ICA analysis 23
Fig. 3. HPLC method for HL mixed cell sample 23
Fig. 4. General HPLC method for E. koreanum extract and biotransformed... 34
Fig. 5. Biotransformation of ICA by the mixed cell cultures were studied by... 41
Fig. 6. Microscopic images of Streptococcus sp. MRG-ICA-B. Gram-positive,... 43
Fig. 7. Microscopic images of Enterococcus sp. MRG-ICA-E. Gram-positive,... 44
Fig. 8. Phylogenetic analysis of Streptococcus sp. MRG-ICA-B (a) and... 45
Fig. 9. Growth curve and pH change of Streptococcus sp. MRG-ICA-B (a)... 47
Fig. 10. Structural analysis of ICA. Chromatograms (a) were obtained by UV... 49
Fig. 11. Structural analysis of icariside II. Chromatograms (a) were obtained... 50
Fig. 12. Structural analysis of ICT. Chromatograms (a) were obtained by UV... 51
Fig. 13. Structural analysis of DICT. Chromatograms (a) were obtained by... 52
Fig. 14. Biotransformation of daidzin (a), genistin (b), and sissotrin (c) by... 56
Fig. 15. Biotransformation of ononin (a), glycitin (b), and apigenin (c) by... 58
Fig. 16. Biotransformation of vitexin (a), rutin (b), and puerarin (c) by MRG-... 60
Fig. 17. Biotransformation of hesperidin (a) and naringgin (b) by MRG-ICA-... 62
Fig. 18. ICA biotransformation by Streptococcus sp. MRG-ICA-B was... 63
Fig. 19. ICA biotransformation by Enterococcus sp. MRG-ICA-E was m... 64
Fig. 20. ICA biotransformation by Blautia sp. MRG-PMF-1was monitored by... 65
Fig. 21. Biotransformation of ICA by Blautia sp. MRG-PMF-1 was studied... 68
Fig. 22. Biotransformation of ICA by Streptococcus sp. MRG-ICA-B was... 69
Fig. 23. Biotransformation of ICA by Enterococcus sp. MRG-ICA-E was... 69
Fig. 24. Chromatogram (270 nm) of Epimedium koreanumextract by general... 71
Fig. 25. Structural analysis of pimedium koreanum extract. ESI-MS spectra of... 76
Fig. 26. Biotransformation of E. koreanum extract by Streptococcus sp.... 77
Fig. 27. Biotransformation of E. koreanum extract by Enterococcus sp.... 78
Fig. 28. HPLC chromatogram (270 nm) of E. koreanum after... 81
Fig. 29. Structural analysis of biotransformed E. koreanum. ESI-MS spectra... 85
Fig. 30. Biotransformation of E. koreanum extract by the mixed cell cultures... 89
Fig. 1. Metabolism of ICA by Streptococcus sp. MRG-ICA-B (0,12,24 hour). 113
Fig. 2. Metabolism of ICA by Streptococcus sp. MRG-ICA-B (36, 60, 96 hour). 114
Fig. 3. Metabolism of ICA by Enterococcus sp. MRG-ICA-E (0, 36,72 hour). 115
Fig. 4. Metabolism of ICA by Enterococcus sp. MRG-ICA-E (108, 204, 300 hour). 116
Fig. 5. Metabolism of ICA by Blautia sp. MRG-PMF-1 (0, 12, 18hour). 117
Fig. 6. Metabolism of ICA by Blautia sp. MRG-PMF-1 (30, 42, 48hour). 118
Fig. 7. Metabolism of E. koreanum extract by Blautia sp. MRG-PMF-1 (0, 6, 12 hour). 119
Fig. 8. Metabolism of E. koreanum extract by Blautia sp. MRG-PMF-1 (30, 72, 96hour). 120
Fig. 9. Blautia sp. MRG-PMF-1 reacted with ICA adding gluconalactone 0 g/l in the cell culture. 121
Fig. 10. Blautia sp. MRG-PMF-1 reacted with ICA adding gluconalactone 8 g/l in the cell culture. 122
Fig. 11. Blautia sp. MRG-PMF-1 reacted with ICA adding gluconalactone 12 g/l in the cell culture. 123
Fig. 12. Blautia sp. MRG-PMF-1 reacted with ICA adding gluconalactone 16 g/l in the cell culture. 124
Fig. 13. Streptococcus sp. MRG-ICA-B reacted with ICA adding gluconalactone 0 g/l in the cell culture. 125
Fig. 14. Streptococcus sp. MRG-ICA-B reacted with ICA adding gluconalactone 16 g/l in the cell culture. 126
Fig. 15. Enterococcus sp. MRG-ICA-E reacted with ICA adding gluconalactone 0 g/l in the cell culture. 127
Fig. 16. Enterococcus sp. MRG-ICA-E reacted with ICA adding gluconalactone 16 g/l in the cell culture. 128
Fig. 17. Antibacterial activity test of E. koreanum extract and biotransformed product 132
초록보기 더보기
이카린은 음양곽에서 찾을 수 있는 flavonol diglycoside이다. 이 실험은 아이카린을 이용해서 무산소 조건에 인간 대변 샘플에서 2 가지 균을 분리하고 감별헀다. 16S rRNA gene sequence를 통해서 2 균은 Streptococcus sp. MRG-ICA-B하고 Enterococcus sp. MRG-ICA-E로 감별했다. 2 균을 통해서 얻은 이카린의 대사물은 Icariside II이였다. 그리고 Blautia sp. MRG-PMF-1 (KJ078647)를 통해서 이카린이 Demethylicaritin로 전환할 수 있었다. 분리한 균과 Blautia sp. MRG-PMF-1가 음양곽 추출물도 대사할 수 있다. Blautia sp. MRG-PMF-1의 대사물을 추출하고 성분을 분석했다. 대사물의 항균성하고 항산화 활성을 테스트하고 음양곽 추출물의 활성과 비교했다.
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