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List of Abbreviations 25

1. 서언 26

2. 연구사 28

1. 고추에 발생하는 병 28

2. 수경재배에서 분리되는 병 32

3. Phytophthora spp.의 방제 34

4. 계면활성제를 이용한 방제 36

3. 재료 및 방법 38

3.1. 비이온성 계면활성제가 Phytophthora capsici의 생육에 미치는 영향 38

3.1.1. 방제시험에 사용한 비이온성 계면활성제 및 농약 38

3.1.2. 균사 생장에 미치는 비이온성 계면활성제의 영향 40

3.1.3. 유주자낭 형성 및 유주자 방출에 미치는 영향 41

3.1.4. 유주자 용해에 미치는 영향 41

3.2. 비이온성 계면활성제의 피망 뿌리썩음병 방제 효과 43

3.2.1. 식물재료 및 재배방법 43

3.2.2. Phytophthora capsici의 접종과 병원성 검정 47

3.2.3. 종자처리에 따른 비이온성 계면활성제의 피망 뿌리 썩음병 방제 효과 49

3.2.4. 온실 내 NFT 시스템에서의 Phytophthora capsici 접종 49

3.2.5. Leaf baiting test 51

3.2.6. 순환식 수경재배를 이용한 살균제, 아인산염과 비이온성 계면활성제의 Phytophthora capsici 방제 효과 52

3.3. 비이온성 계면활성제가 피망의 생육에 미치는 영향 56

3.3.1. 비이온성 계면활성제의 농도에 따른 피망 종자발아와 생체량 56

3.3.2. 광합성 속도, 증산량 측정, 식물체 함량분석 및 배양액의 무기이온 함량분석 56

3.3.2.1. 광합성 속도 및 증산량 측정 56

3.3.2.2. 식물체 함량분석 57

3.3.2.3. 배양액의 무기이온 함량분석 57

3.3.2.4. 통계분석 58

4. 결과 및 고찰 59

4.1. 비이온성 계면활성제가 Phytophthora capsici의 생육에 미치는 영향 59

4.1.1. Phytophthora capsici의 균학적 특성 59

4.1.2. Phytophthora capsici의 병원성 검정 62

4.1.3. 균사 생장 억제 64

4.1.4. 유주자낭 형성 및 유주자 방출에 미치는 영향 69

4.1.5. 유주자 용해에 미치는 영향 73

4.2. 비이온성 계면활성제의 피망 뿌리썩음병 방제 효과 76

4.2.1. NFT 시스템에서의 피망 뿌리썩음병 발생을 위한 Phytophthora capsici 농도 76

4.2.2. 종자처리에 따른 비이온성 계면활성제의 피망 뿌리 썩음병 방제 효과 78

4.2.3. Leaf baiting tes 80

4.2.4. 순환식 수경재배시스템에서 비이온성 계면활성제를 이용한 피망 뿌리썩음병 방제 효과 81

4.3. 비이온성 계면활성제가 피망 생육에 미치는 영향 99

4.3.1. 비이온성 계면활성제 농도에 따른 피망의 생체량 99

4.3.2. 광합성 속도 및 증산량 101

4.3.3. 식물체 함량 분석 104

4.3.4. 배양액의 무기이온 함량 분석 108

참고문헌 111

Summary 134

List of Tables

Table 1. List of materials tested for inhibitory efficacy against Phytophthora capsici. 39

Table 2. Nutrient concentrations in the basic nutrient solution (PBG) 45

Table 3. Bell pepper growing conditions 46

Table 4. Assessment key for investigating disease severity of bell pepper affected by Phytophthora capsici 54

Table 5. Assessment key for investigating root discoloration of bell pepper affected by Phytophthora capsici 55

Table 6. Mycological characteristics of Phytophthora capsici 61

Table 7. Effect of metalaxyl-M, potassium phosphonate and nonionic surfactants (Tween 20, Triton X-100, OE-5, LE-6, TDE-6, OA-8,... 71

Table 8. Disease incidence (%) of bell peppers inoculated with Phytophthora capsici in NFT system 88

Table 9. Disease incidence (%) of bell peppers inoculated with Phytophthora capsici in NFT system 92

Table 10. Disease incidence (%) of bell peppers inoculated with Phytophthora capsici in NFT system 97

Table 11. Effect of nonionic surfactants concentration on photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate of bell pepper grown in NFT system 102

Table 12. Effect of nonionic surfactants concentration on photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate of bell pepper grown in NFT system 103

Table 13. Effect of nonionic surtactants concentration on nutrients of bell pepper plants 106

Table 14. Effect of nonionic surtactants concentration on nutrients of bell pepper plants. 107

Table 15. Effect of nonionic surfactants concentrations on nutrients in nutrient solution 109

Table 16. Effect of nonionic surfactants concentrations on nutrients in nutrient solution. 110

List of Figures

Fig. 1. Schematic view of the mini-NFT system used for greenhouse experiments 44

Fig. 2. Zoospore production. Colony of Phytophthora capsici KACC-40158 on V8 agar medium after 7 days of incubation at 28℃... 48

Fig. 3. Inoculation of Phytophthora capsici to bell pepper on each mini-NFT system. 50

Fig. 4. Characteristic symptoms of Phytophthora root rot (A) and artificial inoculation with Phytophthora caasci on bell pepper (B) at mini-NFT system in the University of Seoul greenhouse. 50

Fig. 5. Schematic view of leaf baiting test. Seven days after the inoculation of Phytophthorr ccasici and treatment with nonionic... 51

Fig. 6. Pictorial disease index for assessing disease severity of root discoloration. 55

Fig. 7. Mycological characteristics of Phytophthora capsici KACC-40158. Colony morphology on PDA medium after 7 days of... 60

Fig. 8. Pathogenicity test of Phytophthorr masici KACC-40158. Inoculated bell pepper seedlings on water agar in test tubes (A),... 62

Fig. 9. Disease incidence of seedlings after bell pepper seedlings were inoculated with PDA disk of 5㎜ diameter containing Phytophthora... 63

Fig. 10. Effect of metal axyl-M, potassium phosphate and nonionic surfactants on mycelial growth of Phytophthora capsici on V8 agar... 66

Fig. 11. Effect of nonionic surfactants on mycelial growth of Phytophthora capsici on V8 agar after 72 hours of incubation at 28 ℃:... 67

Fig. 12. Effect of nonionic surfactants on mycelial growth of Phytophthora on V8 agar after 72 hours of incubation at 28℃:... 68

Fig. 13. Effect of metalaxyl-M, potassium phosphonate and nonionic surfactants on sporangium and zoospore production. 72

Fig. 14. Lysis of zoospores of Phytophthora capsici after exposure to Triton X-100. 74

Fig. 15. Effect of metalaxyl-M (25 and 50ppm), potassium phosphonate (100 and 200ppm), and nonionic surfactants Tween-20... 75

Fig. 16. Disease incidence (%) of bell pepper at 10 days after inoculation according to zoospore concentrations in the mini-NFT... 77

Fig. 17. Bell pepper affected by Phytophthora capsici at 10 days after inoculation. Leaf and stem wilt (A and B), and root rot (C) 77

Fig. 18. The effect of nonionic surfactants for control of Phytophthora root rot on bell peeper seedlings at 7 days after inoculation and... 79

Fig. 19. Disease incidence (%) of bell pepper seedlings at 7 days after inoculation in filter paper test in vitro. 79

Fig. 20. Microscopic view of pepper leaves inoculated with nutrient solution from the hydroponic system in the test. The leaf segments... 80

Fig. 21. Symptoms (A) and disease severity (B) of bell peppers at 7 days after inoculation. 84

Fig. 22. Symptoms (A) and disease severity (B) of bell peppers at 14 days after inoculation. 85

Fig. 23. Symptoms (A) and disease severity (B) of bell peppers at 21 days after inoculation. 86

Fig. 24. Symptoms (A) and disease severity (B) of bell peppers at 28 days after inoculation. 87

Fig. 25. Root discoloration symptoms (A) and disease severity of root discoloration (B) at 28 days after inoculation. 89

Fig. 26. Symptoms (A) and disease severity (B) of bell peppers at 14 days after inoculation. 90

Fig. 27. Symptoms (A) and disease severity (B) of bell peppers at 21 days after inoculation. 91

Fig. 28. Disease severity of root discoloration at 21 days after inoculation. Disease severity index (DSI) was based on a scale from 0... 93

Fig. 29. Symptoms (A) and disease severity (B) of bell peppers at 7 days after inoculation. 94

Fig. 30. Symptoms (A) and disease severity (B) of bell peppers at 14 days after inoculation. 95

Fig. 31. Symptoms (A) and disease severity (B) of bell peppers at 21 days after inoculation. 96

Fig. 32. Disease severity of root discoloration at 21 days after inoculation. Disease severity index (DSI) was based on a scale from 0... 98

Fig. 33. Effect of nonionic surfactants (Tween 20 and Triton X-100) on bell pepper seed germination and seedling growth at 14 days after treatment. 100

Fig. 34. Effect of nonionic surfactants (Tween 20 and Triton X-100) on bell pepper seedling fresh weight at 14 days after treatment. 100

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