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Title page

Acknowledgements

Abstract

Contents

Chapter I : Introduction 11

1.1 EU and Sources of law 11

1.1.1 The overview of EU 11

1.1.2 The Sources of EU law 12

1.1.2.1 Legislation 12

1.1.2.2 General principles of Law recognized by ECJ 14

1.1.2.3 International agreements with non-Member States 16

1.1.2.4 Case law 17

1.2 The institutional framework of EU 17

1.2.1 The institutions of EU 17

1.2.1.1 European Commission 17

1.2.1.2 Council of the European Union 18

1.2.1.3 European Parliament 20

1.2.1.4 ECJ 21

1.2.2 The legislation process of EU 22

1.3 The jurisdiction and framework of ECJ 23

1.3.1 The jurisdiction of ECJ 23

1.3.2 The framework of ECJ 26

1.4 Direct effect and direct applicability 28

1.4.1 Definition of direct effect and direct applicability 28

1.4.2 Cases of doctrine of direct effect in ECJ 30

Chapter II : The Effect of the WTO Agreements on ECJ 32

2.1 The introduction of GATT and WTO 32

2.2 The attitude of ECJ to treat international agreements 33

2.3 The legal status of GATT 1947 in the European Community 34

2.3.1 The basic attitude of ECJ to treat GATT 1947 34

2.3.2 The two exceptions of non-direct effect of GATT 1947 in EU 36

2.4 The legal status of WTO Agreements in the European Union 39

2.4.1 Fundamental changes of WTO comparing with GATT 1947 39

2.4.2 The negative attitude of European Community after creating of WTO 42

2.4.3 Case law of ECJ about the direct effect of WTO agreements 46

2.5 The legal effects of the WTO Dispute Settlement Body s decision 49

2.5.1 The case of Eruchthandelsgesellschaft mbH Chemnitz v. Commission, [1999] 51

2.5.2 The case of P Atlanta v European Community, [1999] 53

2.6 The door opens a little ---- the Biret case 55

2.6.1 Factual Background and the Judgment of the CFI 55

2.6.2 The Opinion of the Advocate General 57

2.6.3 The Judgment Opinion of ECJ 58

2.6.4 The comment of this case 60

Chapter III : The points for ECJ to deny direct effect of the WTO agreements and the real reason for rejection 62

3.1 The argument of ECJ to deny direct effect of the WTO agreements 62

3.1.1 Reciprocity 62

3.1.2 Negotiable nature of WTO agreements 64

3.1.3 WTO agreement does not provide specific rule how to implement the obligations in the member states 65

3.2 The real and deep reasons for ECJ to deny direct effect of the WTO agreements 66

3.2.1 Political consideration rather than judicial consideration 66

3.2.2 The challenge of ECJ s supremacy jurisdiction above whole EU member states 68

3.2.3 Integral economic interests of European Common Market 69

Chapter IV : Legal arguments of the direct application of WTO rules by ECJ in EU law and the possibility direct application of WTO rules by ECJ in EU law 72

4.1 Legal arguments of the direct application of WTO rules by ECJ in EU law 72

4.1.1 It is the requirement of non-discrimination principle of EU law, because ECJ granted direct effect to most of the international agreements that EC concluded. 72

4.1.2 Denying direct effect of WTO agreements is harmful to the European Community 76

4.1.3 Granting direct effect of WTO agreements is necessary to protect individual rights in EU. 77

4.1.4 Reciprocity is not the problem 79

4.2 The possibility direct application of WTO rules by ECJ in EU law 81

4.2.1 ECJ has already opened the door a little, why not bigger 81

4.2.2 The possible way for direct application of WTO rules by ECJ in EU law 83

Chapter V : Conclusion : Is there any lesson for Chinese Court? 84

5.1 The current states of International treaties in Chinese domestic law 84

5.2 The current states of WTO agreements in Chinese domestic law and possible way to direct application WTO agreements in Chinese domestic law 86

5.2.1 The current states of WTO agreements in Chinese domestic law 86

5.2.2 Possible way to direct application WTO agreements in Chinese domestic law 88

References 90

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