표제지

요지

목차

제1장 서론 17

1.1 연구의 배경 17

1.2 연구의 목적 19

1.3 연구의 구성 20

제2장 기존 연구 22

2.1 내진성능향상 구조시스템 22

2.2 기존 강재댐퍼 연구 32

2.2.1 강봉 댐퍼의 연구 32

2.2.2 강판을 이용한 강재댐퍼의 연구 34

2.2.3 X-브레이스, K-브레이스 강재댐퍼의 연구 35

2.2.4 강판전단벽형 강재댐퍼의 연구 36

2.2.5 보-기둥 접합부 강재댐퍼의 연구 37

2.2.6 기존 슬릿댐퍼 연구에 대한 검토 38

제3장 비좌굴 가새 댐퍼의 실험 40

3.1 실험 계획 40

3.1.1 실험체의 개요 및 종류 40

가. 실험체의 개요 40

나. 실험체의 종류 40

다. 실험체명 46

라. 실험체 종류 47

마. 실험체 설치 47

3.1.2 가력방법 48

(1) 단조가력 48

(2) 점증변위 제어 반복가력 49

3.1.3 측정 방법 49

3.2 소재 인장 시험 51

3.3 댐퍼의 전단 실험 52

3.4 비좌굴 가새 댐퍼의 하중변형 관계 54

가. 가력 패턴에 따른 특성 56

나. Slit Plate두께에 의한 특성 59

다. Slit Plate의 B/H비에 의한 특성 63

3.5 비좌굴 가새댐퍼의 실험결과 분석 69

가. 변형도 분포 69

나. 이력곡선의 분해 71

3.6 소결 74

제4장 비좌굴가새 댐퍼를 가진 골조의 거동 75

4.1 개요 75

4.2 댐퍼를 가진 골조 실험 75

4.2.1 실험 변수 및 실험체 계획 75

4.2.2 재료 시험 78

4.2.3 가력 및 측정 방법 78

가. 가력방법 78

나. 변위계 설치 79

4.2.4 실험 결과 및 분석 80

가. 하중-변위 곡선 80

나. 파단상황 87

4.3 1층 모델의 지진응답해석 89

4.3.1 해석모델 및 해석방법 89

4.3.2 해석결과 92

가. 강성비의 변화에 의한 에너지 흡수능력 92

나. 내력비의 변화에 의한 에너지 흡수능력 93

4.3.3 해석결과의 분석 102

4.4 소결 105

제5장 비좌굴가새 댐퍼를 가진 골조의 설계 106

5.1 개요 106

5.2 1질점계의 역학원리 및 성능곡선 107

5.2.1 각 구성 부재와 제진구조의 저장, 손실 강성 107

5.2.2 등가주기와 등가감쇠상수 109

5.2.3 제진성능곡선의 작성법 110

5.2.4 1질점계를 이용한 개략설계 112

5.3 다층 제진구조의 설계법 112

5.3.1 다질점계에의 댐퍼량의 분배 112

5.3.2 댐퍼축방향에의 변환 114

5.3.3 강재댐퍼형상의 결정 115

5.3.4 설계법의 정리 117

5.4 제진설계의 예 118

5.4.1 설계조건 118

(1) 주프레임의 제원 118

(2) 구조계획 121

(3) 목표성능의 설정 121

5.4.2 1차 고유주기와 모델의 설정 121

5.4.3 1질점계의 층간 변형각의 산출 115

5.4.4 목표저감률과 1질점 필요 댐퍼강성비의 산정 124

5.4.5 다질점계의 부가설치계 탄성강성비의 분배 124

5.4.6 부가설치계의 수평방향 항복변형, 항복하중의 산출 125

5.4.7 부가설치계의 축방향의 변환과 댐퍼의 설계 125

5.5 소결 130

제6장 결론 131

참고문헌 133

부록 136

부록 A 비좌굴 댐퍼 가새 실험 결과 137

부록 B 비좌굴가새 댐퍼의 현장적용 162

부록 C 댐퍼설계 EXCEL 시트 178

SUMMARY 185

ABSTRACT 206

감사의 글 209

Table 2-1 Classification of aseismic structure 23

Table 2-2 Study of conventional dampers (◎ : Good, ○ : Normal, △ : bad) 39

Table 3-1 Test parameters 44

Table 3-2 Dimension of damper 45

Table 3-3 Dimension of SS400 steel coupons (unit : mm) 51

Table 3-4 Mechanical properties of steel 52

Table 3-5 Shear test result of damper (DB044-12C) 53

Table 3-6 Yield strength, yield displacement of damper and brace 55

Table 3-7 Test specimen for loading pattern 57

Table 3-8 Test specimen for thickness change of slit plate 59

Table 3-9 Test specimen for B/H ratio of slit plate 63

Table 3-10 Comparison of upper & lower damper's absorption energy 72

Table 4-1 List of specimens (unit : mm) 77

Table 4-2 Properties of material 78

Table 4-3 Py , Pmax , δy , ki of specimen 80

Table 5-1 Summary of dynamic properties and response of various steel damped 108

Table 5-2 Damper design process 118

Figure 1-1 Tsunami caused by a massive earthquake hit all across southern Asia 17

Figure 1-2 South Korea response spectrum by Fukuoka earthquake 18

Figure 1-3 Earthquake occurrence in Korea 18

Figure 1-4 Damper system to prevent damage 19

Figure 1-5 Flow chart of this study 21

Figure 2-1 Aseismic design 22

Figure 2-2 Aseismic structure 22

Figure 2-3 Stress-strain curve of viscoelastic damper 29

Figure 2-4 Shape of viscoelastic damper 29

Figure 2-5 Set-up of viscoelastic dam 29

Figure 2-6 Energy response before set-up 29

Figure 2-7 Energy response after set-up 29

Figure 2-8 Friction damper using bolt 25

Figure 2-9 Rotating friction damper 25

Figure 2-10 P-Δ curve of friction damper 26

Figure 2-11 Energy dissipation model of friction damper 26

Figure 2-12 Time history of friction damper 26

Figure 2-13 P-Δ curve of friction damper 26

Figure 2-14 Analysis model of TMD 27

Figure 2-15 Shape of TMD 27

Figure 2-16 Maximum displacement response 27

Figure 2-17 Tuning mass damper 27

Figure 2-18 Response of AMD 28

Figure 2-19 Pendulum damper 28

Figure 2-20 Energy response before control 30

Figure 2-21 Energy response after control 30

Figure 2-22 20ton MR damper 31

Figure 2-23 Maximum response of 3-story buiding 31

Figure 2-24 Detailed shape and fundamental loading conditions of the rods 32

Figure 2-25 Loading set-up of round-shaped steel rods 32

Figure 2-26 Decomposition of cyclic curve 33

Figure 2-27 Shape of Oh sang-hoon's steel damper 34

Figure 2-28 Assemblage of slit plates on the tests 34

Figure 2-29 Loading set-up 34

Figure 2-30 Tests of slit plates 35

Figure 2-31 X-brace steel damper 35

Figure 2-32 K-brace damper 36

Figure 2-33 Slit-wall damper 36

Figure 2-34 Connection with damper 37

Figure 2-35 Loading Set-up 37

Figure 3-1 Idealization of the struts 41

Figure 3-2 Yield displacement of damper 42

Figure 3-3 Shape of damper 43

Figure 3-4 Christening of specimen 46

Figure 3-5 Illustration of DB044-09C specimen 46

Figure 3-6 Illustration of brace configuration 47

Figure 3-7 Loading set-up 48

Figure 3-8 Loading pattern 49

Figure 3-9 Location of LVDTs 50

Figure 3-10 Location of Strain Gauge 50

Figure 3-11 Tensile coupon 51

Figure 3-12 σ-ε relationship of tensile coupon 52

Figure 3-13 2940kN UTM shear test of damper (DB044-12C) 53

Figure 3-14 Result of shear test (DB044-12C) 54

Figure 3-15 Initial stiffness measure method 55

Figure 3-16 Comparison of Calculated Py and Tested Py 56

Figure 3-17 P-δ curves for loading pattern (continue) 57

Figure 3-18 Decomposition of a cyclic P-δ curve 58

Figure 3-19 Ultimate energy absorption capacity of the slit plates 58

Figure 3-20 Deformation of slit Plate (9t) 59

Figure 3-21 P-δ curves with respect to thickness of slit plate (B/H ratio=0.33) 60

Figure 3-22 P-δ curves with respect to thickness of slit plate (B/H ratio=0.44) 61

Figure 3-23 Yield strength in proportion to thickness of slit plate 62

Figure 3-24 Failure mode of DB033-12C specimen 63

Figure 3-25 P-δ curves for B/H ratio of slit plate (9t) 64

Figure 3-26 P-δ curves for B/H ratio of slit plate (12t)(continue) 65

Figure 3-27 Failure mode of DB100-12C specimen 66

Figure 3-28 P-δ curves for B/H ratio of slit plate (16t) 67

Figure 3-29 Failure mode of DB044-16C specimen 67

Figure 3-30 P-δ curves for B/H of slit plate 68

Figure 3-31 Strain distribution of DB044-12C specimen (continue) 69

Figure 3-32 Skeleton part and Bauschiger part of DB044-12C specimen 72

Figure 3-33 Comparison of upper & lower damper's absorption energy 73

Figure 3-34 Energy absorption ratio (refer table 3-12) 73

Figure 4-1 Shape of Slit-Plate damper 76

Figure 4-2 Tested specimen 76

Figure 4-3 Christening of specimen 77

Figure 4-4 Test set-up 77

Figure 4-5 Loading pattern 78

Figure 4-6 Location of LVDT 79

Figure 4-7 Specimen Actuator load - Actuator displacement (continue) 81

Figure 4-8 Absorption energy of each specimen (continue) 83

Figure 4-9 Strain of each member for accumulated displacement 86

Figure 4-10 Failure of brace frame 87

Figure 4-11 Last state of damper with one damper 88

Figure 4-12 Last state of damper with two damper 88

Figure 4-13 Analysis model 89

Figure 4-14 Dynamic stability model 90

Figure 4-15 El-Centro NS (h ; damping ratio) 90

Figure 4-16 Hachinohe EW (h ; damping ratio) 91

Figure 4-17 Kobe NS (h ; damping ratio) 91

Figure 4-18 Artificial Earthquake (h ; damping ratio) 92

Figure 4-19(1) Plastic work for frame with respect to stiffness ratio 94

Figure 4-19(2) Plastic work for frame with respect to stiffness ratio 95

Figure 4-19(3) Plastic work for frame with respect to stiffness ratio 96

Figure 4-20(1) Plastic work for frame with respect to stiffness ratio 97

Figure 4-20(2) Plastic work for frame with respect to stiffness ratio 98

Figure 4-20(3) Plastic work for frame with respect to stiffness ratio 99

Figure 4-21 Damage ratio of frame with respect to strength ratio 100

Figure 4-22 Damage ratio of frame with respect to strength ratio (Ve=120cm/sec) 101

Figure 4-23 Change of damage ratio of frame for yield displacement ratio 103

Figure 4-24 Change of damage ratio of frame for yield displacement ratio 103

Figure 4-25 Change of damage ratio of frame for yield displacement ratio 104

Figure 4-26 Change of damage ratio of frame for yield displacement ratio 104

Figure 5-1 Single degree of freedom system with steel damper 107

Figure 5-2 Performance curve of elasto-plastic damped system 111

Figure 5-3 Angle of inclination of damper 115

Figure 5-4 Components of a non-buckling brace 115

Figure 5-5 List of structural member for 10-story model 119

Figure 5-6 Designed dead and live loads 119

Figure 5-7 Plan of 10th story example model 120

Figure 5-8 Frame data of 1st mode (continue) 121

Figure 5-9 Displacement spectrum used for design (BCJㆍL2. h0=0.02) 123

Figure 5-10 Steel damper layout of brace type 126

Figure 5-11 Components of a non-buckling brace 129

Figure 5-12 Plan of damper in non-buckling brace 129

Table 1. Test parameters 190

Table 2. Material properties 192

Table 3. Yield load , yield displacement of damper and brace 194

Table 4. Ultimate energy absorption capacity 196

Table 5. Test specimen for loading pattern 199

Table 6. Test specimen for angle between column and brace 200

Table 7. Test specimen for thickness of slit plate 202

Table 8. Test specimen for B/H ratio of slit plate 203

Table 9. Test specimen for the number of damper attached to brace 204

Figure A-1 DB44-12M 138

Figure A-2 DB44-12U 139

Figure A-3 DB44-12C(1) 140

Figure A-4 DB44-12C(2) 141

Figure A-5 DB33-12C 142

Figure A-6 DB33-09C 143

Figure A-7 DB44-09C 144

Figure A-8 DB33-16C 145

Figure A-9 DB57-12C 146

Figure A-10 DB44-16C 147

Figure A-11 DB75-12C 148

Figure A-12 DB10-09C 149

Figure A-13 DB10-12C 150

Figure A-14 DC33-09C 151

Figure A-15 DC33-12C 152

Figure A-16 DC44-09C 153

Figure A-17 DC44-12C 154

Figure A-18 DC33-16C 155

Figure A-19 DC44-16C 156

Figure A-20 DA44-09C 157

Figure A-21 DA44-12C 158

Figure A-22 DA44-16C 159

Figure A-23 DB44-12C(3) 160

Figure A-24 DB44-12C(4) 161

Figure B-1 아크리스 백화점 리모델링 현장사진 163

Figure B-2 댐퍼의 종판부착 전후 166

Figure B-3 아크리스 백화점 현장 적용 댐퍼의 최종 형상 166

Figure B-4 댐퍼 설치 현장 실무자 협의 167

Figure B-5 현장반입된 댐퍼 167

Figure B-6 댐퍼와 브레이스의 조립 168

Figure B-7 양중 후 브레이스의 골조에 용접 접합 168

Figure B-8 댐퍼를 삽입한 브레이스의 설치 169

Figure B-9 도색 작업을 마친 브레이스 169

Figure B-10 API 강재 가공연구센터 조감도 170

Figure B-11 API 강재 가공연구센터 현장 사진 170

Figure B-12 API 강재센터 현장 적용 댐퍼의 최종 형상 174

Figure B-13 브레이스에 연결된 댐퍼의 모델 174

Figure B-14 설치 준비중인 댐퍼 175

Figure B-15 댐퍼를 삽입한 브레이스의 양중 175

Figure B-16 브레이스와 골조의 볼트 접합 176

Figure B-17 설치된 댐퍼 176

Figure B-18 설치 완료된 댐퍼 177

Figure C-1 Definition of multi-story frame model and verification of 1st mode period 179

Figure C-2 Estimation of story drift angle in no-damper case 180

Figure C-3 Estimation of required elastic stiffnes sratio of elasto-plastic damper in SDOF 181

Figure C-4 Required Elasto-plastic damper stiffness converted from SDOF to MDOF system 182

Figure C-5 Yield displacement and yield force of steel damper in MDOF system 183

Figure C-6 Transformation of required damper properties to damper axial direction and determination of steel-damper sizes such as shear area and yield force 184

Fig. 1. Idealization of the struts 188

Fig. 2. shape of damper 189

Fig. 3. Loading setup 191

Fig. 4. Illustration of brace configuration (unit : mm) 191

Fig. 5. σ-ε relationship of tensile coupon 192

Fig. 6. Loading pattern 193

Fig. 7. Measuring set-up 193

Fig. 8. Failure pattern 197

Fig. 9. Decomposition of a cyclic P-δ curve 197

Fig. 10. Energy absorption ratio 197

Fig. 11. P-δy curves for loading pattern 199

Fig. 12. Ultimate energy absorption capacity of the slit plates 199

Fig. 13. P-δy curves for angle between column and brace 200

Fig. 14. Ultimate energy absorption capacity of the slit plates 200

Fig. 15. P-δy curves for thickness of slit plate 201

Fig. 16. The yielding strength in proportion to thickness of slit plate 201

Fig. 17. Out-of plane deformation shape of 9mm plate 202

Fig. 18. P-δy curves for B/H ratio of slit plate 203

Fig. 19. P-δy curves for thickness of slit plate 203

Fig. 20. P-δy curves for number of damper attached to brace 204