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Title page
Abstract
Contents
1. Introduction 12
1.1 Motivation 12
1.2 Background 14
1.3 Goals 15
1.4 Outline 16
2. Related works 17
2.1 Vision-based systems 17
2.1.1 Bare-Hand Human-Computer Interaction 18
2.1.2 Perceptual Surfaces : Towards a Human and Object Sensitive Interactive Display 18
2.1.3 Enhanced Desk and Enhanced Wall : Augmented Desk and Wall Interfaces with Real-time Tracking of User s Motion 19
2.2 Electric-field sensing systems 19
2.2.1 A Multi-touch three dimensional touch-sensitive tablet 21
2.2.2 Smart Skin : An Infrastructure for Freehand Manipulation on Interactive Surfaces 22
2.2.3 Electric Field Sensing for Graphical Interfaces 23
3. Analysis of the early version system 25
3.1 Overview 25
3.2 System architecture 25
3.2.1 The signal processing unit 26
3.2.2 The proximity sensing unit 29
3.2.3 The image processing unit 30
3.2.4 The 3D display unit 30
3.3 Experimental results 32
3.4 Discussion 37
4. The 3D Sensor Table 38
4.1 Overview 38
4.2 System architecture 40
4.2.1 The proximity sensing unit 40
4.2.2 The signal processing unit 51
4.2.2.1 Master processing unit 52
4.2.2.2 The RX processing unit 54
4.2.3 The 3D display unit 57
4.2.4 The image processing unit 58
4.3 Software algorithms 59
4.3.1 Proximity calibration 61
4.3.2 Location determination 66
4.3.3 Hand posture classification 78
4.4 Experimental results 85
4.4.1 Location determination 85
4.4.2 Hand posture classification 86
5. Conclusion and future works 87
5.1 Conclusion 87
5.2 Future works 89
국문요약 91
References 92
Acknowledgements 94
Table 1. The experimental results for proximity sensing 33
Table 2. The proximity values of RX circuit 34
Table 3. TX signal variations in TX channels 62
Table 4. The result of proximity calibration process 64
Table 5. The experimental result for investigating the changes of proximity value according to the height of hand at any crossing node 69
Table 6. The proximity value according to height of hand at arbitrary crossing nodes in fist-hand posture 74
Table 7. The proximity value according to height of hand at arbitrary crossing nodes In knife-shape hand posture 75
Table 8. The comparison of P10 s values according to hand shapes 83
Table 9. The difference value of the maximum proximity value and other proximity values in straight-hand posture and knife-hand posture according to the height of hand 84
Table 10. The experimental results for location determination 85
Table 11. The experimental results for hand-posture classification 86
Table 12. The performance of the 3D Sensor Table 88
Figure 1. Lumped circuit model of electric field sensing parameters(the image courtesy of Smith) 23
Figure 2. The early version system architecture of the 3D Sensor Table 25
Figure 3. The schematic diagram and real picture of the signal processing unit 28
Figure 4. The proximity sensing unit 29
Figure 5. The 3D display unit 31
Figure 6. The experimental results for proximity sensing in normal state 33
Figure 7. The schematic diagram of RX circuit 34
Figure 8. The system configuration of the 3D Sensor Table 39
Figure 9. The proximity sensing unit in the early version system 41
Figure 10. Electric field sensing technique for proximity measurement 43
Figure 11. The newly designed proximity sensing unit 46
Figure 12. The principle of proximity sensing 47
Figure 13. The overview of the signal processing unit 51
Figure 14. The master processing unit 52
Figure 15. The waveform generator, 33250A 53
Figure 16. The Rx processing unit 55
Figure 17. TX and RX signal 56
Figure 18. The 3D display unit 57
Figure 19. The process and output in the image processing unit 59
Figure 20. The analog switching with a capacitor 62
Figure 21. The distribution diagram of relative proximity data 65
Figure 22. The crossing nodes of the proximity sensing unit 66
Figure 23. The peak value finding method for the 2D position 67
Figure 24. The proximity value according to the height of hand 68
Figure 25. The diagram of proximity value distribution according to height of hand 71
Figure 26. The simple postures of hand 72
Figure 27. The proximity value according to hand-posture 73
Figure 28. The diagram of proximity distribution according to height of hand In fist-hand posture 76
Figure 29. The diagram of proximity distribution according to height of hand In knife-hand posture 77
Figure 30. The eleven crossing nodes used for hand-posture classification 79
Figure 31. The patterns for the fist-hand posture 80
Figure 32. The comparison of P₁and P10 between straight-hand posture and fist-hand posture 81
Figure 33. The comparison of maximum proximity values between straight-hand posture and knife-hand posture according to the height of hand 82
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