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Title page
Abstract
Contents
I. Introduction 19
1.1 Overview and Motivation 19
1.2 Major Contributions 21
1.3 Organization of the Dissertation 22
II. Overview of Next Generation Optical Internet 25
2.1 Network Architecture 26
2.1.1 Current Status of Internet Technology 26
2.1.2 Requirements of Future Internet Architecture 28
2.1.3 New Optical Switching Paradigms 29
Overview of OBS 31
2.1.4 QoS Support and Traffic Engineering 34
Contention resolution techniques 34
QoS support and traffic control mechanisms 35
2.2 Optical Packet Router 37
2.2.1 Edge Node Functions 37
2.2.2 Core Node Functions 40
2.3 Design Issues for Optical Packet Router 42
2.3.1 Bird's Eye View of Optical Packet Router Design 42
2.3.2 Node Dimensioning 44
Burst Assembly Process 44
Link Dimensioning 46
2.3.3 Fiber Delay Line-based Optical Buffers 46
2.3.4 Wavelength Converters 47
2.4 Chapter Summary 48
III. Node Dimensioning 50
3.1 Introduction 50
3.2 Dimensioning Burst Assembly Process 50
3.2.1 Burst Assembly Process 51
Timer-based Model 54
Threshold (or Burst Length)-based Model 57
3.2.2 Control Packet Process 59
The overflow probability of waiting time of control packet 61
3.2.3 Constraints on BAP Dimensioning 62
Delay time due to burst assembly and control packet processing 63
Loss rate due to congestion of control packet 64
Link utilization considering optical switching speed 65
3.2.4 Decision Mechanism of BAP Parameters 66
3.2.5 Numerical Results 68
The effect of burst assembly process on network performance 68
Decision of burst assembly parameters 71
Service differentiation support 74
3.3 Link Dimensioning 77
3.3.1 Constraints on Link Dimensioning 78
Constraint 1 : Burst blocking at the transport plane 78
Consideration for multiplexing technology 80
Constraint 2 : Burst blocking at the control plane 81
3.3.2 Link Dimensioning Methodology 82
3.3.3 Numerical Results 83
Burst blocking performance at the transport and the control Plane 83
Decision of the optimal number of wavelengths 84
3.4 Chapter Summary 89
IV. FDL-based Optical Buffer Dimensioning 90
4.1 Introduction 90
4.2 Optical Buffers Using Fiber Delay Lines 91
4.2.1 Performance Comparison of FDL Buffers 96
Blocking performance 97
Buffering delay performance 101
Overall evaluation of optical buffers 105
4.3 Optimal Performance of FDL buffers 106
Dynamic Burst Length Adjustment Mechanism 107
4.4 Hybrid Shared Optical Buffer for Service Differentiation 109
4.4.1 Service Differentiation Mechanism 110
4.4.2 Simulation Results 112
4.5 Performance Model of Optical Buffers 117
4.5.1 Review on Burst Blocking Models 117
4.5.2 Burst Blocking Model with Optical Buffers 118
Modelling the burst blocking with retransmission 120
Solution of the steady state equations 125
Calculation of burst blocking probability and buffering delay time 125
4.5.3 Numerical Results 126
4.6 Chapter Summary 128
V. Shared Wavelength Converter Pool 130
5.1 Introduction 130
5.2 Wavelength Conversion in Optical Internet 131
Transparency vs. opaque networking system 132
5.3 SharedWavelength Converters with Electrical Buffers 134
Procedure for contention resolution 135
5.4 Cost Analysis of Shared Wavelength Converter Pool 137
5.5 Numerical Results 140
5.5.1 Performance Evaluation of Shared Wavelength Converter Pool 140
Blocking performance 140
Delay performance 145
5.5.2 Benefits of Shared Wavelength Converter Pool 148
5.6 Chapter Summary 152
VI. Summary with Applicability of the Dissertation 155
6.1 Summary of the Dissertation 155
6.2 Applicability of the dissertation 157
국문요약 159
References 163
Acknowledgement 176
Table 2.1 : Features of three optical switching paradigms 31
Table 2.2 : Criterion of performance measure for different customers 43
Table 4.1 : Features of optical buffers using fiber delay lines 94
Table 4.2 : Summary of performance evaluation for optical buffers 105
Table 4.3 : Four service classes and their applications 111
Table 4.4 : Adjusted burst lengths reflecting the optimal granularity at different offered loads 115
Table 4.5 : Steady state transition: outgoing states from (iα, j, b) 122
Table 4.6 : Steady state transition: incoming states toward (iα, j, b) 123
Table 5.1 : Comparison between opaque and transparent optical systems 133
Table 5.2 : Estimated unit cost assumptions for optical devices (US$) 148
Table 5.3 : Required amount SWCEB and FDL for target blocking probability 10-6 151
Figure 2.1 : Overview of JET-based optical burst switching network 33
Figure 2.2 : Functional model of an ingress edge node 38
Figure 2.3 : Functional model of an egress edge node 39
Figure 2.4 : Functional model of a core node 41
Figure 2.5 : Dimensioning areas in optical packet routers 45
Figure 3.1 : An ingress edge node with burst assemblers 53
Figure 3.2 : Timing diagram for the burst assembly process with the timer and the threshold value 54
Figure 3.3 : Timer-based burst assembler 55
Figure 3.4 : Threshold-based burst assembler 57
Figure 3.5 : A core node with control packet processor 60
Figure 3.6 : A decision procedure for the burst assembly parameters values 67
Figure 3.7 : Burst blocking probability in the timer-based burst assembler (M = 4, W = 4) 69
Figure 3.8 : Burst blocking probability in the threshold-based burst assembler (M = 4, W = 4) 69
Figure 3.9 : Average burst length in the timer-based burst assembler 70
Figure 3.10 : Average input packet delay in the threshold-based burst assembler 70
Figure 3.11 : Timer value 72
Figure 3.12 : Threshold value 72
Figure 3.13 : Timer value at ε = 10-⁴ 73
Figure 3.14 : Threshold value at ε = 10-⁴ 74
Figure 3.15 : Timer value with three classes at ε = 10-6 76
Figure 3.16 : Threshold value with three classes at ε = 10-6 76
Figure 3.17 : Burst blocking probability at the transport plane 84
Figure 3.18 : Burst blocking probability at the control plane at ρB = 0.5 85
Figure 3.19 : Decision of optimal number of wavelengths (ρB = 0.5, TH = 300KB) 85
Figure 3.20 : With the timer-based burst assembler 86
Figure 3.21 : With the threshold-based burst assembler 88
Figure 4.1 : The feed-forward type FDL buffers 92
Figure 4.2 : The feedback type FDL buffers 93
Figure 4.3 : Resource reservation mechanisms for FDL buffers 95
Figure 4.4 : Burst blocking probability in optical buffers with PreRes 98
Figure 4.5 : Usage Frequency of each delay line with PreRes at ρB=0.7 99
Figure 4.6 : Burst blocking probability in optical buffers with PostRes 100
Figure 4.7 : Usage Frequency of each delay line with PostRes at ρB=0.7 101
Figure 4.8 : The effect of recirculation on the burst blocking probability at ρB=0.7 102
Figure 4.9 : Buffering delay time in optical buffers with PreRes 103
Figure 4.10 : Buffering delay time in optical buffers with PostRes 104
Figure 4.11 : Procedure for the burst length adjustment 108
Figure 4.12 : An optical packet router with hybrid shared optical buffers introduces a differentiated service supporting mechanism 110
Figure 4.13 : Procedure for the proposed service differentiation mechanism 112
Figure 4.14 : Results for service differentiation at ρB = 0.5 114
Figure 4.15 : Results for service differentiation applied with the burst length adjustment mechanism 116
Figure 4.16 : An simple node model for burst transmission 119
Figure 4.17 : An example of burst transmission 121
Figure 4.18 : Performance for the burst blocking model with optical buffer 127
Figure 5.1 : Optical packet router with shared wavelength converter pool 134
Figure 5.2 : Procedure for contention resolution through SWCEB 136
Figure 5.3 : Different types of optical packet routers 139
Figure 5.4 : Total burst blocking probability with SWCEB 141
Figure 5.5 : Burst blocking probability with SWCEB 142
Figure 5.6 : Burst blocking probability with SWCEB and SWC 143
Figure 5.7 : Burst blocking probability according to different number of wavelengths per link 144
Figure 5.8 : Required amount of SWCEB in sharing ratio to achieve BBP = 10-6 145
Figure 5.9 : Delay performance with SWCEB 146
Figure 5.10 : Delay performance with SWCEB according to sharing ratio(SR) 147
Figure 5.11 : Overall system cost of OPR with SWCEB 149
Figure 5.12 : Comparison of overall system cost of OPR with SWCEB and DWCFDL with 25% of sharing ratio 150
Figure 5.13 : Comparison of overall system cost of OPR with SWCEB and EXC 150
Figure 5.14 : Overall system cost of OPR with SWCEB and DWCFDL for target blocking probability 10-6 153
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