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Title page
Abstract
Contents
1. Introduction 18
1.1 Research Motivation 18
1.2 Research Approach 21
1.3 Organization 24
2. Stochastic Modeling Scheme 25
2.1 Spectral Envelope Histogram 25
2.2 Pitch Histogram 28
2.3 Dynamic Matching Method 32
2.4 Distance Metric 34
3. Audio Hashing Scheme 37
3.1 Overview 37
3.2 Frequency-Temporal Filtering 40
3.3 Bit Allocation 47
3.4 Two-Step Audio Hashing 50
3.5 Database Structure 52
3.5.1 Database Layout 52
3.5.2 Database Lookup 54
4. Experiments 58
4.1 Audio Data 58
4.2 Performance Evaluation of Stochastic Modeling Scheme 62
4.2.1 Distance Metric 62
4.2.2 Spectral Envelope Histogram vs. Pitch Histogram 64
4.2.3 Static Matching Method vs. Dynamic Matching Method 68
4.3 Performance Evaluation of Audio Hashing Scheme 70
4.3.1 Frequency-Temporal Filtering 70
4.3.2 Bit Allocation 78
4.4 Performance Evaluation in Real Environments 80
4.4.1 Time Stretch Modifications 80
4.4.2 Real-Noise Environments 83
5. Conclusions and Further Studies 88
국문요약 90
Reference 95
Acknowledgement 100
Table 4.1. Performance comparison of various distance metrics for spectral envelope histogram. 63
Table 4.2. Performance comparison of various cut off frequencies for pitch detection in pitch histogram. 65
Table 4.3. Performance evaluation of the static and dynamic matching methods in the stochastic modeling scheme based on pitch histogram. 69
Table 4.4. Performance evaluation of alternatives to frequency filtering when HT1 is used as a temporal filter. 72
Table 4.5. Performance evaluation of alternatives to temporal filtering when HT1 is used as a frequency filter. 73
Table 4.6. Performance comparison according to the frequency-temporal filtering combinations when the lookup candidates are not expanded (HD=0). 75
Table 4.7. Performance comparison according to the frequency-temporal filtering combinations when the lookup candidates are expanded (HD≤1). 76
Table 4.8. Performance evaluation of the two-step audio hashing scheme by frequency-temporal filtering. 77
Table 4.9. Performance evaluation according to bit allocation methods. 79
Table 4.10. Performance evaluation of tempo-change resilience of audio fingerprints. 82
Figure 2.1. Stochastic modeling scheme based on spectral envelope histogram. 27
Figure 2.2. Stochastic modeling scheme based on pitch histogram. 31
Figure 2.3. Dynamic matching process. 33
Figure 3.1. Overview of Philips audio fingerprinting scheme. 39
Figure 3.2. Filter response of various frequency filters. 42
Figure 3.3. Signal corruption by noise. 43
Figure 3.4. Filter response of various temporal filters. 46
Figure 3.5. Audio hashing scheme by optimal quantizer. 49
Figure 3.6. Two-step audio hashing scheme. 51
Figure 3.7. Database layout of an audio hashing scheme. 53
Figure 3.8. Overview of database lookup for an audio hashing scheme. 56
Figure 3.9. Database lookup process for the two-step audio hashing scheme. 57
Figure 4.1. Power spectrums of audio signals over various loudspeakers. 61
Figure 4.2. Performance comparison between spectral envelope histogram and pitch histogram corresponding to the number of histogram bins. 67
Figure 4.3. Performance comparison by a type of audio fingerprints for different SNR at various recording locations. 85
Figure 4.4. Performances of the frequency-temporal filtering combination for different SNR at various recording locations. 86
Figure 4.5. Performance evaluation of the two-step audio hashing scheme by bit allocation methods. 87
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