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title page
Contents
Abstract 11
Chapter 1. Introduction 13
Chapter 2. Background 16
2.1. Geometrical Frustration 17
2.2. Ising Model on Triangular Lattice 20
2.3. Mermin-Wagner Theorem 21
2.4. The Kosterlitz-Thouless transition 24
Chapter 3. Q-state Clock Model on the Triangular Lattice 27
3.1. The 3-state Clock Model on the Triangular Lattice 28
3.2. The 6-state Clock Model on the Triangular Lattice 34
3.3. Q-state Clock Models on the Triangular Lattice with Q ≥9 36
3.4. Summary and Conclusion 43
Chapter 4. The Ring-exchange Model on the Triangular Lattice 45
4.1. Introduction 45
4.2. Ring-exchange Hamiltonian and Mean-field Analysis 50
4.3. Monte Carlo Simulations of H₃ with Ising Spins 52
4.4. Monte Carlo Simulations of H₃ with Q=6 Spins 56
4.5. Monte Carlo Simulations of H₃ with Q=12 Spins 60
4.6. Monte Carlo Simulations of H₃ with Q=24 Spins 62
Chapter 5. Conclusion 70
Bibliography 72
논문 74
초록 75
Figure 2.1: (a) Antiferromagnetic square lattice. (b) Antiferromagnetic triangular lattice. 17
Figure 2.2: A section of the Kagome lattice. 18
Figure 2.3: A minimum energy spin configuration on a triangular lattice. 21
Figure 2.4: Monte Carlo simulation of the magnetization vs. temperature. 23
Figure 2.5: Illustration of a simple vortex-antivortex pair. 26
Figure 3.1: A schematic figure of the 6-state clock model. A planar spin is divided into six equal intervals. 27
Figure 3.2: Average energy E(T)/|J| against T/|J| for the 3-state antiferro-magnetic Potts model on a triangular lattice for 51 × 51 obtained in. The transition is first order with Tc ~ 0.63|J|.(이미지참조) 30
Figure 3.3: The specific heat of 3-states clock model on the triangular lattice. L24 means that the lattice size is 24 × 24. 31
Figure 3.4: A Monte Carlo simulation of the average energy of the Heisenberg model. A first order phase transition is present at T = 0.945J. 32
Figure 3.5: The discontinuity of magnetization. 33
Figure 3.6: Log-log plot of magnetization(〈|mA|〉) vs. the lattice size (L) of the 6-state clock model on the triangular lattice.(이미지참조) 35
Figure 3.7: The magnetization of 9-state clock model on the triangular lattice. 37
Figure 3.8: Log-log plot of the magnetization (M) vs. the lattice size (L) of the 9-state clock model. 38
Figure 3.9: Specific heat of the 9-state clock model on the triangular lattice. 39
Figure 3.10: Specific heat of the 12-state clock model on the triangular lattice. 40
Figure 3.11: Log-log plot of the magnetization (M) vs. the lattice size (L) of the 12-state clock model. 41
Figure 3.12: Specific heat of the 12-state clock model on the triangular lattice. 42
Figure 3.13: The phase diagram of the 9-state clock model on the triangular lattice. 44
Figure 3.14: The phase diagram of the 12-state clock model on the triangular lattice. 44
Figure 4.1: Three-particle exchange process 48
Figure 4.2: (a) C(T)/T given by Monte Carlo simulation. (b) Ground state entropy. 54
Figure 4.3: a) C(T)/T given by Monte Carlo simulation. (b) Comparison with H₂ and H₃. Two models are indeed agreement through parallel shifting of H₃. 55
Figure 4.4: The specific heat of 6-state clock model on the triangular lattice. 56
Figure 4.5: (a) The hysteresis of the staggered magnetization. (b) The hysteresis of the average energy. 59
Figure 4.6: The spin configuration of the ground state. 60
Figure 4.7: (a) the magnetization of q-state clock model on the triangular lattice with q=12 spins. (b) the specific heat of q-state clock model on the triangular lattice with q=12 spins. 64
Figure 4.8: (a) the log-log plot of the magnetization (Ms) vs. the lattice size (L) of q-state clock model with q=12 spins. (b) A linear fitting of the log-log plot of the magnetization vs. the lattice size at T = 0.72J₃.(이미지참조) 65
Figure 4.9: (a) the magnetization of q-state clock model on the triangular lattice with q=24 spins. (b) the specific heat of q-state clock model on the triangular lattice with q=24 spins. 66
Figure 4.10: (a) the log-log plot of the magnetization (Ms) vs. the lattice size (L) of q-state clock model with q=24 spins. (b) A linear fitting of the magnetization vs. the lattice size at T = 0.72J₃.(이미지참조) 67
Figure 4.11: the magnetization of q-state clock model on the triangular lattice with q=12 and q=24 spins of H₃. (b) the specific heat of q = 12 and q = 24-state clock model on the triangular lattice of H₃. 68
Figure 4.12: Detailed plot of the specific heat of q-state clock model on the triangular lattice with q=12 spins in the region 0.7J₃ ≤ T ≤ 1.1J₃. 69
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