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title page
Contents
(Abstract) 9
1. Introduction 10
1.1. Lithium-ion battery cell reaction 12
1.2. Lithium transition metal oxide cathodes 13
1.3. Crystal structure 18
A. Layered structure 18
B. Spinel structure 20
C. Olivine structure 23
1.4/1.3. Lithium metal and carbon-based anodes 24
1.5/1.4. Electrolyte materials 26
2. Experimental 27
2.1. Powder preparation 27
2.2. Powder characteristics 28
A. Structural characterization 28
1) X-ray diffraction 28
2) Rietveld method 29
3. Results and discussion 33
4. Conclusions 45
Acknowledgements 46
국문초록 47
References 48
Table I. Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) analysis of Li[CrxLi(1-x) /3Mn2(1-x)/3]O₂ (0.2 ≤ x ≤0.4) after washed with distilled water.(이미지참조) 34
Table II. The rietveld fit results of Li[Crx Li(1-x) /3Mn2(1-x)/3]O₂ (x=0.211, 0.290, 0.338).(이미지참조) 36
Figure 1. Comparison of the gravimetric and volumetric energy densities of various rechargeable battery systems. 14
Figure 2. Schematic of the charging/discharging process in a lithium-ion cell. 15
Figure 3. Electrochemical potential ranges of some lithium insertion compounds with reference to metallic lithium. 16
Figure 4. Schematic energy diagram of a cell at open circuit. 18
Figure 5. Layered LiCoO₂ structure for lithium secondary battery. 19
Figure 6. Crystal structure of LiMn₂O₄ spinel. 20
Figure 7. Typical discharge curves of layered LiCoO₂, layered LiNiO₂ and spinel LiMn₂O₄. 21
Figure 8. The jahn-teller distortion in manganese oxides. 22
Figure 9. Crystal structure of LiFePO₄ olivine structure. 23
Figure 10. Typical first discharge/charge curves of graphite. The difference between the discharge and charge curves is irreversible capacity loss. 26
Figure 11. X-ray diffraction patterns of (a) unwashed Li[Cr0.4Li0.2Mn0.4]O₂ (b) washed Li[Cr0.4Li0.2Mn0.4]O₂.(이미지참조) 34
Figure 12. X-ray diffraction patterns of (a) Li[Cr0.211Li0.268Mn0.520]O₂ (b) Li[Cr0.290Li0.240Mn0.470]O₂ and (c) Li[Cr0.338Li0.225Mn0.436]O₂.(이미지참조) 35
Figure 13. X-ray diffraction patterns of Li[CrxLi(1-x)/3Mn2(1-x)/3]O₂ with x=0.338 and the calculated XRD pattern based on the rietveld refinement.(이미지참조) 35
Figure 14. The structural parameters determined by rietveld refinement for Li[CrxLi(1-x)/3Mn2(1-x)/3]O₂ with x=0.211, 0.290 and 0.338.(이미지참조) 37
Figure 15. The electron diffraction patterns of (a) Li[Cr0.211Li0.268Mn0.520]O₂ (b) Li[Cr0.290Li0.240Mn0.470]O₂ and (c) Li[Cr0.338Li0.225Mn0.436]O₂.(이미지참조) 38
Figure 16. Simulations of (a) monoclinic structure [101] zone and (b) hexagonal structure [111](이미지참조) zone. 39
Figure 17. HRTEM images of (a) Li[Cr0.211Li0.268Mn0.520]O₂ (b) Li[Cr0.290Li0.240Mn0.470]O₂ and (c) Li[Cr0.338Li0.225Mn0.436]O₂.(이미지참조) 41
Figure 18. Scanning electron micrograph (SEM) images of (a) Li[Cr0.211Li0.268Mn0.520]O₂ (b) Li[Cr0.290Li0.240Mn0.470]O₂ and (c) Li[Cr0.338Li0.225Mn0.436]O₂.(이미지참조) 42
Figure 19. Discharge curves and differential capacity of (a) Li[Cr0.211Li0.268Mn0.520]O₂ (b) Li[Cr0.290Li0.240Mn0.470]O₂ and (c) Li[Cr0.338Li0.225Mn0.436]O₂ between 2.4 and 4.7 V.(이미지참조) 43
Figure 20. Discharge capacity vs. Cycle numbers for (a) Li[Cr0.211Li0.268Mn0.520]O₂ (b) Li[Cr0.290Li0.240Mn0.470]O₂ and (c)Li[Cr0.338Li0.225Mn0.436]O₂ between 2.4 and 4.7 V....(이미지참조) 44
Figure 21. Discharge curves and differential capacity of (a) Li[Cr0.211Li0.268Mn0.520]O₂ (b) Li[Cr0.290Li0.240Mn0.470]O₂ and (c) Li[Cr0.338Li0.225Mn0.436]O₂ between 2.4 and 4.9 V.(이미지참조) 45
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