Title Page

Abstract

요약문

Contents

Chapter 1. Introductions 32

1.1. Systems Engineering Management 32

1.1.1. Systems 32

1.1.2. Systems Engineering 34

1.1.3. Systems Engineering Processes 34

1.1.4. Systems Engineering Standards 36

1.2. Conditional Access Module Systems 38

1.2.1. Healthcare Information Systems 38

1.2.2. Smart Card Terminal Systems 39

1.2.3. Digital Content Protection Systems 42

1.3. Organizations of This Dissertation 42

1.4. Contributions of This Dissertation 45

Chapter 2. Reviews of Systems Engineering Management 47

2.1. Overview of MIL-STD-499A and MIL-STD-499B 47

2.1.1. Description 47

2.1.2. Relation to Other Frameworks 48

2.1.3. MIL-STD-499B Definitions of Systems Engineering 48

2.2. Overview of IEEE 1220 51

2.2.1. Description 51

2.2.2. Relation to Other Frameworks 51

2.2.3. Standard Overview 54

2.3. Overview of ANSI/EIA 632 56

2.3.1. Description 56

2.3.2. Relation to Other Frameworks 57

2.3.3. Standard Overview 57

2.4. Overview of ISO/IEC 15288 65

2.4.1. Description 65

2.4.2. Relation to Other Frameworks 65

2.4.3. Standard Overview 65

Chapter 3. Reviews of Conditional Access Module Systems 72

3.1. Overview of Smart Card Systems 72

3.1.1. What Is a Smart Card? 72

3.1.2. Smart Card Configuration 72

3.1.3. Smart Card Technology 73

3.1.4. Smart Card Terminal Types and Operations 73

3.1.5. Interoperability Issues 74

3.1.6. Specification Overview 74

3.2. Overview of PC Card Systems 75

3.2.1. What is the PCMCIA? 75

3.2.2. PC Card Technology 76

3.2.3. PC Card Types and Release Numbers 76

3.2.4. PC Card Compatibility 77

3.2.5. Specification Overview 77

3.3. Overview of OpenCable Systems 80

3.3.1. What Is OpenCable? 80

3.3.2. Reference Model and Architecture 81

3.3.3. Frequency Domain Views 83

3.3.4. Channel Types 85

3.3.5. Specification Overview 85

Chapter 4. Systems Engineering Framework for the Application of Systems Engineering Processes to Business Processes in Enterprise R＆D Environments 93

4.1. Introduction 93

4.1.1. Overview 93

4.1.2. Contribution 94

4.2. Systems Engineering Business Processes 97

4.2.1. Enterprise Domain Processes 101

4.2.2. Project Domain Processes 101

4.2.3. System Technical Domain Processes 102

4.2.4. Implementation Technical Domain Processes 102

4.3. System Technical Domain Processes 103

4.3.1. Sequential View of Life-Cycle Processes 103

4.3.2. Process of Stakeholder Requirements 105

4.3.3. Process of Requirements Analysis 105

4.3.4. Process of Architectural Design 106

4.3.5. Process of Component Development 107

4.3.6. Process of Integration and Verification 108

4.3.7. Process of Installation and Validation 108

4.3.8. Process of Operation and Maintenance 108

4.3.9. Basic System Development Life-Cycle 109

4.3.10. Systems Engineering Management 110

4.3.11. Agreements Between Layers 111

4.4. Requirement Relationships 111

4.5. Specified Requirements for the Acquirer Needs and Expectations 115

4.6. Concluding Remarks 118

Chapter 5. Healthcare Information Systems Using Digital Signatures and Synchronized Smart Cards Based on the Public-Key Infrastructure 119

5.1. Introduction 119

5.1.1. Overview 119

5.1.2. Contribution 120

5.2. Systems Engineering Business Processes 122

5.3. Requirements Analysis Process 122

5.3.1. Smart Card-Based Healthcare Information Systems 122

5.3.2. Network-Based Healthcare Information Systems 123

5.3.3. PKI-Based Healthcare Information Systems 124

5.3.4. Problems of Currently Existing Healthcare Information Systems 125

5.3.5. Four Candidate System Models in the Republic of Korea 126

5.4. Architectural Design Process 127

5.4.1. Applications of Healthcare Smart Card 127

5.4.2. Security Features of Healthcare Smart Card 127

5.4.3. Functions of Healthcare Professional's Card 130

5.4.4. Functions of Patient's Data Card 130

5.4.5. System Configuration and Its Components 133

5.5. Component Development Process 133

5.5.1. Software System Development and Its Functions 133

5.5.2. Hardware System Development and Its Functions 137

5.6. Integration and Verification Process 139

5.7. Concluding Remarks 142

Chapter 6. Smart Card Terminal Systems Using ISO/IEC 7816-3 Interface and 8051 Microprocessor Based on the System-on-Chip 144

6.1. Introduction 144

6.1.1. Overview 144

6.1.2. Contribution 147

6.2. Systems Engineering Business Processes 147

6.3. Requirements Analysis Process 148

6.4. Architectural Design Process 148

6.4.1. Functions of the System-on-Chip 148

6.4.2. Functions of Security 148

6.5. Component Development Process 153

6.5.1. Microprocessor 153

6.5.2. Smart Card Interface Controller 153

6.5.3. Serial and Parallel I/O Interfaces 157

6.6. Integration and Verification Process 158

6.6.1. Simulation of Analog Blocks 158

6.6.2. Simulation of Digital Blocks 159

6.6.3. Classes of Operating Conditions 159

6.6.4. Selection of the Operating Class 161

6.6.5. Modes of Operation 161

6.7. Concluding Remarks 163

Chapter 7. Digital Content Protection Systems Using PCMCIA and ISO/IEC 7816-3 Interfaces for Digital Cable Broadcasting Based on the OpenCable Specification 165

7.1. Introduction 165

7.1.1. Overview 165

7.1.2. Contribution 167

7.2. Systems Engineering Business Processes 167

7.3. Requirements Analysis Process 168

7.4. Architectural Design Process 176

7.4.1. MPEG-2 Systems Layer in the Headend 176

7.4.2. OCI-H2 Reference Architecture 178

7.4.3. Transport Processing in the Host 179

7.4.4. Conditional Access System in the Host 179

7.4.5. OCI-C2 Reference Architecture 183

7.4.6. Conditional Access System in the POD Security Module 185

7.4.7. POD Security Module Architecture 185

7.4.8. Content Protection System 186

7.5. Component Development Process 188

7.5.1. POD Security Module with PCMCIA Interface 188

7.5.2. POD Security Module with PCMCIA and ISO/IEC 7816-3 Interfaces 188

7.5.3. In-Band Processor for the POD Security Module 189

7.5.4. Out-of-Band Processor for the POD Security Module 192

7.6. Integration and Verification Process 195

7.6.1. Construction of the Integrated Test Environments 195

7.6.2. Operation Procedures of the POD Security Module 195

7.6.3. Copy Protection and Authentication 197

7.7. Concluding Remarks 200

Chapter 8. Conclusions 203

8.1. Summaries of This Dissertation 203

8.1.1. Systems Engineering Business Processes R＆D 203

8.1.2. Conditional Access Module Systems R＆D 203

8.2. Contributions of This Dissertation 204

8.2.1. Systems Engineering Business Processes R＆D 204

8.2.2. Conditional Access Module Systems R＆D 205

8.3. Concluding Remarks of This Dissertation 206

8.3.1. Systems Engineering Business Processes R＆D 206

8.3.2. Conditional Access Module Systems R＆D 206

Appendix 208

Appendix A. References 208

Appendix B. Abbreviations and Acronyms 218

Appendix C. Curriculum Vitae 226

C.1. Biography 226

C.2. MS Thesis and PhD Dissertation 227

C.3. Invited Journal Papers 227

C.4. Published Journal Papers 227

C.5. Submitted Journal Papers 228

C.6. Published Conference Papers 229

C.7. Patents 231

C.8. Projects 231

Table 1.1. The selection of definitions of systems engineering. 35

Table 2.1. The life-cycle stages, objectives, and decisions in ISO/IEC 15288 systems life-cycle processes. 70

Table 2.2. The role views and system stages of the life-cycle in ISO/IEC 15288 systems life-cycle processes. 71

Table 3.1. The services, features, and functions for Uni-Directional Cable (UDC) Set-Top Terminal (STT). 87

Table 3.2. The services, features, and functions for Bi-Directional Cable (BDC) Set-Top Terminal (STT). 89

Table 3.3. The services, features, and functions for Uni-Directional Cable (UDC) Terminal Device (TD). 90

Table 6.1. The requirements analysis for 'Identification Cards-Integrated Circuit(s) Cards with Contacts-Part 3. Electronic Signals and Transmission Protocols' and its allocation matrix are the primary focus in the system's engineering process because the process's primary purpose is... 149

Table 6.2. The requirements analysis for 'Identification Cards-Integrated Circuit(s) Cards with Contacts-Part 3. Electronic Signals and Transmission Protocols' and its allocation matrix are the primary focus in the system's engineering process because the process's primary purpose is... 150

Table 6.3. The requirements analysis for 'Identification Cards-Integrated Circuit(s) Cards with Contacts-Part 3. Electronic Signals and Transmission Protocols' and its allocation matrix are the primary focus in the system's engineering process because the process's primary purpose is... 151

Table 6.4. The requirements analysis for 'Identification Cards-Integrated Circuit(s) Cards with Contacts-Part 3. Electronic Signals and Transmission Protocols' and its allocation matrix are the primary focus in the system's engineering process because the process's primary purpose is... 152

Table 7.1. The requirements analysis for 'OpenCable POD Copy Protection System' and its allocation matrix are the primary focus in the system's engineering process because the process's primary purpose is to transform the requirements into designs. 169

Table 7.2. The requirements analysis for 'OpenCable POD Copy Protection System' and its allocation matrix are the primary focus in the system's engineering process because the process's primary purpose is to transform the requirements into designs. 170

Table 7.3. The requirements analysis for 'OpenCable POD Copy Protection System' and its allocation matrix are the primary focus in the system's engineering process because the process's primary purpose is to transform the requirements into designs. 171

Table 7.4. The requirements analysis for 'OpenCable HOST-POD Protection System' and its allocation matrix are the primary focus in the system's engineering process because the process's primary purpose is to transform the requirements into designs. 172

Table 7.5. The requirements analysis for 'OpenCable HOST-POD Protection System' and its allocation matrix are the primary focus in the system's engineering process because the process's primary purpose is to transform the requirements into designs. 173

Table 7.6. The requirements analysis for 'OpenCable HOST-POD Protection System' and its allocation matrix are the primary focus in the system's engineering process because the process's primary purpose is to transform the requirements into designs. 174

Table 7.7. The requirements analysis for 'OpenCable HOST-POD Protection System' and its allocation matrix are the primary focus in the system's engineering process because the process's primary purpose is to transform the requirements into designs. 175

Figure 1.1. The systems engineering competence is a measure of the ability to conduct system life-cycle processes. 33

Figure 1.2. The mutual interaction of domains in business processes and systems engineering business processes. 37

Figure 1.3. The paper, network, and smart card-based Prescription Order Communication Systems (POCS) between the hospital and the pharmacy. 40

Figure 1.4. The system overview of proposed smart card terminal. 41

Figure 1.5. The Point-of-Deployment (POD) security module using smart card in connection with the host. 43

Figure 1.6. The dissertation structure consists of introduction (one chapter), review (two chapters), contribution (four chapters), and conclusion (one chapter) parts. 44

Figure 2.1. The brief history of systems engineering standards including MIL-STD-499B systems engineering, IEEE 1220 application and management of the systems engineering process, ANSI/EIA 632 processes for engineering a system, and ISO/IEC 15288 systems life-cycle pro-... 49

Figure 2.2. The scope of systems engineering standards for MIL-STD-499B systems engineering, IEEE 1220 application and management of the systems engineering process, ANSI/EIA 632 processes for engineering a system, and ISO/IEC 15288 systems lifecycle processes. 50

Figure 2.3. The basic systems engineering process in MIL-STD-499B systems engineering. 52

Figure 2.4. The systems engineering processes in IEEE 1220 application and management of the systems engineering process. 53

Figure 2.5. The relationship of ANSI/EIA 632 processes for engineering a system. 58

Figure 2.6. The acquisition and supply processes in ANSI/EIA 632 processes for engineering a system. 60

Figure 2.7. The technical management processes in ANSI/EIA 632 processes for engineering a system. 61

Figure 2.8. The system design processes in ANSI/EIA 632 processes for engineering a system 62

Figure 2.9. The product realization processes in ANSI/EIA 632 processes for engineering a system. 63

Figure 2.10. The technical evaluation processes in ANSI/EIA 632 processes for engineering a system. 64

Figure 2.11. The processes in the system life-cycle in ISO/IEC 15288 systems life-cycle processes. 67

Figure 2.12. The enterprise, project, and technical functions in cooperating organizations in ISO/IEC 15288 systems life-cycle processes. 68

Figure 3.1. The OpenCable reference model and architecture. 82

Figure 3.2. The OCI-N frequency plan in OCI-N cable network interface specification. 84

Figure 4.1. The general systems engineering processes. 95

Figure 4.2. The basic systems engineering process in B.S.Blanchard. 96

Figure 4.3. The systems view of systems engineering. 98

Figure 4.4. The mutual interaction of domains in business processes and systems engineering business processes. 99

Figure 4.5. The systems engineering context. 100

Figure 4.6. The sequential representation of life-cycle processes including system acquisition, development, and operation processes. 104

Figure 4.7. The basic system creation process with three layers in systems engineering business processes. 109

Figure 4.8. The system development process. 112

Figure 4.9. The evolution of requirements in ANSI/EIA 632 processes for engineering a system. 113

Figure 4.10. The requirement relationships in ANSI/EIA 632 processes for engineering a system. 114

Figure 4.11. The requirement flow in ANSI/EIA 632 processes for engineering a system. 116

Figure 4.12. The requirements for engineering a system in ANSI/EIA 632 processes for engineering a system. 117

Figure 5.1. The paper, network, and smart card-based Prescription Order Communication Systems (POCS) between the hospital and the pharmacy. 121

Figure 5.2. The first processing sequence required to generate a digital signature for authentication purposes. 129

Figure 5.3. The second processing sequence required to generate a digital signature for authentication purposes. 131

Figure 5.4. The system design to implement the government project for the separation of the dispensary from the doctors office in the Republic of Korea. 134

Figure 5.5. The secure Internet/Intranet and 2-way double-type smart card terminals in a healthcare center over the secure protocols. 135

Figure 5.6. The 2-way double-type smart card terminal made in IPS Corporation has two smart card terminals within one body. 136

Figure 5.7. The digital signature and certificate have been issued under the Public-Key Infrastructure (PKI) environment. 138

Figure 5.8. The system overview of the developed 2-way double-type smart card terminal. 140

Figure 5.9. The encryption and decryption procedures in the developed 2-way double-type smart card system. 141

Figure 6.1. The system overview of proposed smart card terminal. 145

Figure 6.2. The flow chart of smart card operating sequence. 146

Figure 6.3. The encryption and decryption procedures in the developed SoC-based smart card system. 154

Figure 6.4. The block diagram of 8-bit microprocessor. 155

Figure 6.5. The block diagram of Smart Card Interface (SCI) controller consisting of digital blocks based on ISO/IEC 7816-3 and the voltage generator. 156

Figure 6.6. The block diagram of serial interface with transmitter and receiver modules. 157

Figure 6.7. The block diagram of parallel interface with transmitter and receiver modules. 158

Figure 6.8. The integrated test board made in IPS Corporation for development of smart card terminal. 160

Figure 6.9. The selection of the class of operating conditions by the interactive device. 162

Figure 6.10. The mode selection and switching between the specific and negotiable status. 163

Figure 7.1. The OpenCable reference model and architecture. 166

Figure 7.2. The MPEG-2 Transport Stream (TS) packets are always 188 bytes long to facilitate multiplexing and error correction. 177

Figure 7.3. The MPEG-2 Program Specific Information (PSI) is used to tell a demultiplexer Program Association Table (PAT) and Program Map Table (PMT) the Transport Stream (TS) contains. 177

Figure 7.4. The MPEG-2 Program Specific Information (PSI) is used to tell a demultiplexer what the Transport Stream (TS) contains Conditional Access Table (CAT). 178

Figure 7.5. The OpenCable SimuCrypt model and operation. 180

Figure 7.6. The basic principles of operation of the digital Conditional Access System (CAS). 181

Figure 7.7. The overview of the OpenCable Set-Top Box (STB) and Point-of- Deployment (POD) security module. 183

Figure 7.8. The Point-of-Deployment (POD) security module using smart card in connection with the host. 184

Figure 7.9. The overview of the OpenCable Content Protection System (CPS). 187

Figure 7.10. The designed and developed Point-of-Deployment (POD) security module chip architecture for conditional access system (CAS). 190

Figure 7.11. The designed and developed Point-of-Deployment (POD) security module chip architecture for conditional access system (CAS). 191

Figure 7.12. The basic Data Encryption Standard (DES) Cipher Block Chaining (CBC). 193

Figure 7.13. The implementation of super descrambling operation at Conditional Access System (CAS). 194

Figure 7.14. The developed OpenCable integrated test environments. 196

Figure 7.15. The flow chart of the MPEG-2 Transport Stream (TS) packet header parsing or filtering algorithm. 198

Figure 7.16. The overall Point-of-Deployment (POD) copy protection. 199

Figure 7.17. The Diffie-Hellman (DH) key agreement protocol between the Point-of-Deployment (POD) security module and the host. 201