Title page
Contents
Abstract 4
1. Introduction 6
2. The Survey of Adult Skills (PIAAC) 6
3. Aims of the present study 7
4. Method 8
5. Countries and language regions 8
6. Source instrument 14
7. Translation procedure 14
8. Translation notes 14
9. Initial translated BFI-2-S versions 15
10. Final national versions of the BFI-2-XS 16
11. Results 17
12. Discussion 20
References 22
Table 1. Translation and adaptation steps and decisions for the 39 language versions of the BFI-2-(X)S 9
Table 2. Languages of the BFI-2-S/XS adaptations and sources of preexisting BFI-2(-S) versions 18
Figure 1. Translation and adaptation process for the BFI-2-S/BFI-2-XS followed in PIAAC 17
Figure 2. Revisions to the translations of the BFI-2-XS before the Field Trial and the Main Study by Multidimensional Quality Metrics (MQM) category 19