목차
Preface xi
Overview 1
Introduction 1
Theory of Transfer 3
Criteria for Determining Evidentiary Values 8
At the Crime Scene 10
The Fourth Amendment 12
Chain of Continuity or Custody 13
Discovery 15
Media Relations 16
Summary 17
Suggested Outside Projects 17
Discussion Questions 18
Protecting Yourself 19
Introduction 19
Biological Hazards 19
Hazardous Materials 21
Terrorism 24
Civil Liability 25
Resources 27
Physical Health and Stress 28
Summary 28
Suggested Outside Projects 29
Discussion Questions 29
The Crime Scene Kit 31
Introduction 31
The Ideal Crime Scene Kit 32
Summary 41
Suggested Outside Projects 42
Discussion Questions 42
Roles at the Crime Scene 43
Introduction 43
Police Officers/Deputies 43
Field Supervisors 44
Scribe or Recorder 44
Detectives/Investigators 45
Victims 45
News Media Representatives 46
Attorneys 47
Chaplains 47
Victim Advocates 48
Coroner 48
Others 49
Summary 49
Suggested Outside Projects 50
Discussion Questions 50
The Initial Response 51
Introduction 51
Suggested Procedure 52
Summary 57
Suggested Outside Projects 57
Discussion Questions 58
The Crime Scene Search 59
Introduction 59
Search Warrant Searches 60
Plan Your Search 60
Interior Searches 60
Exterior Searches 64
Searches for Bombs 66
The Search Continues 67
Recording the Search 68
Transient or Short-Lived Evidence 70
Conditions Related to the Crime 71
Summary 75
Suggested Outside Projects 75
Discussion Questions 76
Evidence Collection 77
Introduction 77
Tire Impressions 78
Shoe, Boot, and Footprints 78
Blood and Bloodstains 80
Liquids Other than Blood 86
Fingerprints 86
Weapons 87
Other Evidence 91
Packaging and Labeling Evidence 102
Chain of Custody 103
Summary 103
Suggested Outside Projects 103
Discussion Questions 104
Evidence by Type of Crime 105
Introduction 105
Crimes Against Persons 105
Crimes Against Property 127
Summary 136
Suggested Outside Projects 137
Discussion Questions 137
Impression Evidence 139
Introduction 139
Evidentiary Value of Impression Evidence 139
The Search 140
Photographing the Impression 140
Making the Cast 141
Plaster of Paris 146
Water-Filled Impressions 150
Casting Tool Marks and Small Impressions 152
Summary 155
Suggested Outside Projects 155
Discussion Questions 155
Fingerprints 157
Introduction 157
The Fingerprint Expert 157
What Are Fingerprints? 158
Processing for Prints 162
Dusting for Prints 166
Lifting the Print 168
Rolling the Exemplar, or ``Elimination,'' Print 171
Palm and Footprints 174
Printing Deceased or Unconscious Persons 174
Summary 175
Suggested Outside Projects 176
Discussion Questions 176
Documenting the Crime: Reports, Photographs, Videos, and Sketches 177
Introduction 177
The Report 177
Photographing the Scene 183
Photography 186
Presentation of Photographs in Court 196
Sketching the Scene 198
Summary 204
Suggested Outside Projects 204
Discussion Questions 205
The Crime Lab 207
Introduction 207
The Microscope 207
Comparison Microscope 208
Biological Microscope 208
Stereoscopic Binocular Microscope 209
Ballistics Expert 209
Gas Chromatograph 210
Spectrophotometer 211
Neutron Activation Analysis 212
Wet Chemistry 213
X-ray 213
Infrared Light 213
Ultraviolet Light 214
Evidence Vacuum 215
Sound Spectrograph 215
Automated Fingerprint Identification Systems (AFIS) 216
DNA Analysis 217
Forensic Toxicology 217
Forensic Anthropology 217
Composite Drawings, Computer Imaging 218
Polygraph, the Lie Detector 219
Print and Trace Experts 219
Summary 220
Suggested Outside Projects 220
Discussion Questions 220
Going to Court 223
Introduction 223
The Subpoena 224
Pretrial Conference 224
Expert or Experienced? 224
Waiting to Testify 225
Testifying as a Witness 226
Examination and Cross-Examination 227
Use of Notes 227
Testimony in Other Matters 228
Summary 228
Suggested Outside Projects 228
Discussion Questions 229
Appendix: Career Profiles 230
For Further Study 238
Index 239