독버섯의 발생 및 분포 조사
About one hudred poisonous mushrooms growing in Korea have been reported up to now and poisonous accident by poisonous mushrooms were often massively appeared. and generally fatal ratio showed 20%. And fatal ratio by deadly mushrooms "Amanita uirosa and A. subjunquillea" unfortunatetly is going to show nearly up to 40%. Total of 263 exciccata (individual, 3,500), 80 species including six varieties, were collected from 21 areas of National park, provincial park and including Yechon, Kyonbuk, in which victim by poisonous mushrooms were concentrically happened. Especially A. uirosa and A. subjungquillea, the deadly poisonous mushrooms, is very common from twenty areas throught korea, a hill at yechon, kyongbuk, around wolcheong Temple, at Mt. Odae etc.
A guide book of geographical distribution of some deadly poisonous and biodiversity of poisonous mushrooms, to take emergency measures, to protect against poisonous and rapidly to control the patients by poisonous mushrooms, were published. In the poisonous guide book about sixty species of poisonous mushrooms, including Lampteromyces japonicus divied into eight groups based on the poisonous substances. And also a varius growing environments, characteristic features of fruitig-bodies of poisonous and different between other similar edible mushrooms in shape were taken a preventive measures against poisoning accident. To increase the information application, web site of the Mushroom bank(http://mushbank.niast.go.kr/) is going to service the mushroom images and
taxonomical informations.
독버섯의 독성물질 탐색, 분리 및 구조분석
In these studies we identified constituents and their structures of toxic materials from Amanita subjunquillea and Macrolepiota neomastoidea, a toxicity of which has not been clearly known. Furthermore, the physiological effects and anti-tumor characteristics of Gymnopilus spectabilis, a poisonous mushroom, have been observed as follows. The column chromatographic separation of the MeOH extract of A. subjunquillea led to the isolation of four ergosterols, two cerebrosides and four cyclopeptides. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic methods to be (22E,24R)-5α,8α-epidoxyergosta-6,9,22-triene-3β-ol(1), (22E,24R)-5α,8α-epidi-oxyergosta-6,22-dien-3β-ol (2), (22E,24R)-5α,6α-epoxyergosta-8,22-diene-3β,7β-diol (3), (24S)-ergost-7-en-3β-ol (4), 8,9-dihydrosoyacerebroside I (5), soyacerebroside I (6), β-amanitin (7), phalloin (8), α-amanitin (9) and phalloidin (10). The compounds 1-6 and 8 were isolated for the first time from this mushroom. The isolated compounds were evaluated for the cytotoxicity against A549, SK-Ov-3, SK-MIEL-2 and HCT15 cells. Compound 9 exhibited significant cytotoxic activity against A549, SK_OV-3, SK-MEL-2 and HCT15 with ED50 values of 1.47, 0.26, 1.57 and 1.32μM, respectively. The physiological activities of the ethanol extract from Gymnopilus spectabilis mycelium (EGM) and of the supernatant obtained from fermentation broth (SGB), were examined. The contents of polysaccharides, phenol compounds and total β-glucans of EGM were found to be 80.14%, 3.5㎎/㎖ and 5.91%, respectively and those for SGB were 78.68%, 3.32㎎/㎖ and 3.28%, respectively. Both EGM and SGB exhibited dose-dependent nitrate-scavenging abilities at pH 1.2. In addition, both EGM and SGB on the autoxidaton rate of the linoleic acid demonstrated powerful antoxidant activities at 1㎎/㎖ level. With respect to fibrolytic activity, EGM showed 1,180 unit/g, which was the same activity as streptokinase, while SGB was 1,011 unit/g. The angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition activity of EMG determined by both the normal and pretreatment methods were estimated to be 8.2% and 10.2%, respectively. However, SGB showed no corresponding activity. The grothw inhibitory effects of EGM on AGS, A549, HeLa and NCTC cells were over 58.88%, respectively. And the growth inhibitory effects of the SGB on HeLa and NCTC cells were 44.92 and 76.76% respectively. Also, EGM and SGB activated the components of the alternative complement pathway from 51 and 62% at the concentration of 100 ㎎/㎖. The xanthine oxidase inhibition activities of EGM and SGB (1 ㎎/㎖) were 9.53 and 16.92%, respectively. The cytotoxic effects of Gymnopolus spectabilis extracts on U2OS cells, a human osteosarcoma cell line, were examined. The Gymnopolus spectabilis extracts, prepared using hexane or chloroform, induced the cleavage of PARP and capase-3, -8, and -9, independent of p53, a tumor suppressor leading the the apoptotic pathway. FACS analysis showed that cell treatments by both extracts led to cell cycle arrest and cell death. Our observations suggest the possible usage of Gymnopolus spectabilis extracts in developing apoptotic-incucing agents.