[표제지 등]
ABSTRACT
List of Figure
List of Table
칼라
목차
제1장 서론 17
제2장 탐사자료취득장비의 구성 및 운영기술 20
제1절 개요 20
제2절 항측 25
제3절 자료기록 43
제4절 품질관리 57
제5절 음원제조 66
제6절 중력 및 자력탐사 72
제3장 현장탐사자료취득 76
제1절 개요 76
제2절 항측 84
제3절 자료기록 107
제4절 품질관리 110
제5절 음원제조 126
제6절 중력 및 자력탐사 137
제4장 자료취득결과분석 140
제1절 항적도 작성 140
제2절 3차원 탄성파탐사 자료처리결과 142
제3절 2차원 탄성파 탐사자료처리결과 179
제4절 고해상 탄성파탐사 자료처리결과 201
제5절 중력 및 자력탐사 자료처리결과 226
제5장 결론 232
참고문헌 234
부록 1. 현장탐사 일일보고 237
부록 2. Field Operation Report 263
부록 3. Examples of Observer's log & Navigation log 425
부록 4. 탄성파 단면도 443
[위탁연구보고서 : 3차원 탄성파탐사를 위한 신호향상기술 개발연구] 459
제출문 461
요약문 463
Abstract 465
목차 467
PART I. 에어건 배열의 송신파형 연구 469
제1장 에어건 배열(air-gun array) 473
1.1. 단일 에어건의 구조 및 작동 매커니즘 473
1.2. 에어건 배열 475
제2장 기포와 원거리장(far-field) 480
2.1. 기포효과 480
2.2. 원거리장 파형 484
제3장 송신파형의 계산 486
3.1. 근접장 파형을 이용한 원거리장 파형의 계산 486
3.1.1. 에어건 간의 상호간섭현상 486
3.1.2. 근접장(near-field)을 이용한 원거리장 파형의 계산 489
3.2. 역산을 이용한 송신파형계산 490
3.3. 소노부이를 이용한 원격시스템(sonobuoy telemetry system) 490
제4장 에어건 배열의 송신파형 분석사례 491
4.1. 부피에 대한 시간영역에서의 반응특성 491
4.2. 부피에 대한 주파수영역에서의 반응특성 491
4.3. 에어건 배열에 대한 반응특성 499
제5장 결론 500
참고문헌 501
PART II. Gauss-Newton법을 이용한 구조보정 503
제1장 서론 509
제2장 파동방정식 Green 함수의 음원-수진기 상반성을 이용한 구조보정의 이론적 배경 512
2.1. 주파수영역 모델링의 필요성 512
2.2. 파동방정식 Green 함수의 음원-수진기 상반성 513
2.3. 편미분파동장의 계산 517
제3장 Gauss-Newton 구조보정과 역시간 구조보정의 비교 519
제4장 Hessian 행렬과 AGC와의 비교 524
제5장 수치모형 실험 532
제6장 결론 574
참고문헌 575
부록 A. 편미분파동장 계산을 위한 가상음원 행렬 577
판권지 579
대륙붕 석유물리탐사 자료취득 기술개발 연구 15
Table 2-2-1. UKOOA P190 exchange format. 38
Table 3-2-1/4-3-1. GPS verification results for vessel navigation system. 88
Table 3-2-2/4-3-2. GPS verification results for float navigation system. 88
Table 3-2-3/4-3-3. Dynamic gyro calibration results using Trinav rtCalib Program. 90
Table 3-4-1. Results of dropout test for the 3D seismic source. 114
Table 3-6-1. Absolute Gravity Value of Jang-Chun Port 138
Table 4-2-1. Field parameter for data acquisition. 147
Table 4-2-2. Result of Binning. 147
Table 4-2-3. Result of Binning(1 km × 6 km area) 147
Table 4-3-1. Data acquisition parameter of the 2D seismic survey. 182
Table 4-4-1. Data acquisition parameter of the high resolution seismic survey. 202
Table 4-5-1. Meter Drift Value 227
Table 4-5-2. MGScalc에 있는 12가지 모듈의 기능 229
대륙붕 석유물리탐사 자료취득 기술개발 연구 9
Fig.2-2-1. Hardware configuration of Trinav navigation system. 26
Fig.2-2-2. Trinav online QC/PR control window. 30
Fig.2-2-3. Trinav offline QC/PR control window. 31
Fig.2-2-4. Shot Editor control window. 32
Fig.2-2-5. Gun Editor main window. 32
Fig.2-2-6. Trace Editor window. 33
Fig.2-2-7. Filter setup for the compass data. 34
Fig.2-2-8. Recompute main window showing vessel and float position data. 35
Fig.2-2-9. Smoother display window. 35
Fig.2-2-10. Reprocess startup window. 36
Fig.2-2-11. Trinav RT control window. 39
Fig.2-2-12. Trinav GPS main display window. 42
Fig.2-3-1. TRIACQ Hardware Block Diagram 44
Fig.2-3-2. Software modules in TRIACQ 46
Fig.2-3-3. Relationship of TRIACQ Software Modules. 47
Fig.2-3-4. TRIACQ Session Controller. 47
Fig.2-3-5. TRIACQ Configuration Tool 48
Fig.2-3-6. TRIACQ Streamer Control. 50
Fig.2-3-7. TRIACQ Recording Control. 50
Fig.2-3-8. TRIACQ QC Software modules 52
Fig.2-3-9. On-line RMS & Screen Plot software in TRIACQ QC. 53
Fig.2-3-10. RTV Control 54
Fig.2-3-11. RTV Control(Contol) Display. 54
Fig.2-3-12. GUNCO System. 54
Fig.2-3-13. A picture showing streamer depth by bird. 56
Fig.2-3-14. A picture showing streamer direction by bird. 56
Fig.2-4-1. Basic QC processing jobs. 59
Fig.2-4-2. Online QC procedure. 63
Fig.2-4-3. Offline QC procedure. 65
Fig.2-5-1. Air gun. 69
Fig.2-6-1. LaCoste-Romberg S-118 Shipboard Gravity Meter. 72
Fig.2-6-2. GEOMETRICS G-811G Marine Magnetometer. 74
Fig.3-1-1. Towing configuration of the 3D seismic equipment. 77
Fig.3-1-2. A picture showing 3-D survey after deploying two streamer and two sources. Each source has two airgun arrays. 78
Fig.3-1-3. Seismic acquisition workorder for 3-D survey. 79
Fig.3-1-4. Monitor screen showing circling of the vessel during the 3-D survey. 80
Fig.3-1-5. Seismic acquisition workorder for 2-D survey. 82
Fig.3-1-6. Seismic acquisition workorder for high resolution survey. 83
Fig.3-2-1. RS port parameter setup window. 92
Fig.3-2-2. General Display main window. 92
Fig.3-2-3. Estimator parameter setup window. 93
Fig.3-2-4. Filter setup window for Speed Log input. 94
Fig.3-2-5. Shot Controller setup window. 95
Fig.3-2-6. Shipwide Display monitor. 97
Fig.3-2-7. The Bin grid parameters. 98
Fig.3-2-8. Schematic diagram of 3D pre-plot and Binning definition. 100
Fig.3-2-9. Binning acquired by 3D seismic shows folds of all groups for 8 km x 6 km area. 101
Fig.3-2-10. GPS wiring diagram onboard Tamhae II. 103
Fig.3-4-1. Gun array of the 3D seismic survey and source signature. (a) gun array (b) source signature 112
Fig.3-4-2. Gun array of the 2D seismic survey and source signature. (a) gun array (b) source signature 113
Fig.3-4-3. Gun array of the high resolution seismic survey and source signature. (a) gun array (b) source signature for 30 cu. in. (c) source signature for 30, 90 cu. in. (d) source signature for 30, 90. 125 cu. in. 115
Fig.3-4-4. RMS profile. 117
Fig.3-4-5. Brute stack section. 118
Fig.3-4-6. 3D near trace cube. 124
Fig.3-5-1. 3D gun & streamer towing configuration. 131
Fig.3-5-2. 2D gun & streamer towing configuration. 132
Fig.3-6-1. Track line. 137
Fig.3-6-2. Towing Configuration of G-811G Marine Magnetometer. 139
Fig.4-1-1. Track chart. 141
Fig.4-2-1. A flow chart for 3D data processing 143
Fig.4-2-2. A source location map for survey area. 144
Fig.4-2-3. A dual source, dual streamer survey design with 4 CMP lines. 146
Fig.4-2-4. Attribute analysis for CDP fold and bin coverage to 45 survey lines before flexible binning are shown. Maximum fold is 265. 148
Fig.4-2-5. The CDP fold in the bins to 45 lines after flexible binning are shown. 149
Fig.4-2-6. Attribute analysis for CDP fold and bin coverage to 45 survey lines before flexible binning are shown. Maximum fold is 60. 150
Fig.4-2-7. A source location map for line 120i, 122 and 124. 151
Fig.4-2-8. Attribute analysis for CDP fold and bin coverage to 10 lines before flexible binning are shown. Maximum fold is 265. 152
Fig.4-2-9. The CDP fold in the bins to 10 lines after flexible binning are shown. 153
Fig.4-2-10. Attribute analysis for CDP fold and bin coverage to 10 lines before flexible binning are shown. Maximum fold is 60. 154
Fig.4-2-11. Zoomed midpoint locations in the bins. 155
Fig.4-2-12. CDP fold coverage map. 156
Fig.4-2-13. Raw shot gathers at shot point 101. 158
Fig.4-2-14. A near trace gathers for 3 survey lines. 159
Fig.4-2-15. Shot gather and its spherical divergence correction. 160
Fig.4-2-16. Tests of automatic gain correction. A shot gather and its AGC are show under various circumstances. (a) input gather: (b)-(d) AGC parameter of 500, 1000 and 1500ms. 162
Fig.4-2-17. Tests of deconvolution parameters. (a) input gather: (b)-(e) pre-diction lags of 4, 6, 8 and 10 ms. 163
Fig.4-2-18. Tests of deconvolution parameters. (a) input gather: (b)-(e) de-convolution operator length of 60, 100, 200 and 280 ms. 164
Fig.4-2-19. Tests of filtering before prestack. (a) input gather: (b)-(e) result filtering with some various parameters. 167
Fig.4-2-20. Common Cell gathers with CDP bin number are shown. 168
Fig.4-2-21. Semblance, velocity picking and NMO results are shown (by Pro-MAX 7.0). 170
Fig.4-2-22. Stack section at the in-line 21 with CDP bin number. 171
Fig.4-2-23. Stack section at the in-line 37 with CDP bin number. 172
Fig.4-2-24. Stack section at the in-line 38 with CDP bin number. 173
Fig.4-2-25. Stack section at the in-line 39 with CDP bin number. 174
Fig.4-2-26. Stack section at the in-line 40 with CDP bin number. 175
Fig.4-2-27. Stack section at the in-line 41 with CDP bin number. 176
Fig.4-2-28. Stack section at the in-line 42 with CDP bin number. 177
Fig.4-3-1. Shot gather and FK spectrum at shotpoint 10426. 180
Fig.4-3-2. Near trace gather. 181
Fig.4-3-3. Shot gather and FK spectrum after lowcut filtering. 183
Fig.4-3-4. Shot gather after AGC. 184
Fig.4-3-5. Shot gather after spherical divergence correction. 185
Fig.4-3-6. Tests of exponential gain correction. (a) correction factor of 4 dB/sec(left) 6 dB/sec(right). (b) correction factor of 8 dB/sec(left) 10 dB/sec(right). 186
Fig.4-3-7. Near trace gather after gain correction. 189
Fig.4-3-8. Shot gather after mute. 190
Fig.4-3-9. Tests of deconvolution parameters. Operator length is 240ms. (a) prediction lag of 4ms(left), 8ms(right) (b) prediction lag of 12ms(left), 16ms(right) 191
Fig.4-3-10. Near trace gather after deconvolution. Operator length is 240 ms, prediction lag is 12ms. 193
Fig.4-3-11. Velocity analysis process are shown. 195
Fig.4-3-12. Stacking velocity structure. 196
Fig.4-3-13. Filtered stack section. 197
Fig.4-3-14. Filtered brute stack section. 198
Fig.4-3-15. Migrated section. 199
Fig.4-4-1. Shot gather and FK spectrum at sp 101 for line 98KSH-T1. 203
Fig.4-4-2. Near trace gather. 204
Fig.4-4-3. Near trace gather after gain correction. 205
Fig.4-4-4. Near trace gather after deconvolution. Operator length is 240 ms, prediction lag is 8ms. 207
Fig.4-4-5. Stack section for line 98KSH-T1(Amp. Clip : 0.15). 208
Fig.4-4-6. Stack section for line 98KSH-T2(Amp. Clip : 0.25). 209
Fig.4-4-7. Stack section for line 98KSH-T3(Amp. Clip : 0.5). 210
Fig.4-4-8. Migrated section for line 98KSH-T1(Amp. Clip : 0.15). 211
Fig.4-4-9. Migrated section for line 98KSH-T2(Amp. Clip:0.25). 212
Fig.4-4-10. Migrated section for line 98KSH-T3(Amp. Clip:0.5). 213
Fig.4-4-11. Enlarged stack section for line 98KSH-T1(Amp. Clip : 0.15). 214
Fig.4-4-12. Reversed enlarged stack section for line 98KSH-T2(Amp. Clip:0.25). 215
Fig.4-4-13. Enlarged stack section for line 98KSH-T3(Amp. Clip:0.5). 216
Fig.4-4-14. Enlarged migrated section for line 98KSH-T1(Amp. Clip:0.15). 217
Fig.4-4-15. Reversed enlarged migrated section for line 98KSH-T2(Amp. Clip:0.25). 218
Fig.4-4-16. Enlarged migrated section for line 98KSH-T3(Amp. Clip:0.5). 219
Fig.4-4-17. 3.5 kHz SBP analog section acquired off Jinhae. 222
Fig.4-4-18. 3.5 kHz SBP digital section acquired off Jinhae. 223
Fig.4-4-19. 3.5 kHz SBP analog section(a part of Line 98HS-302). 224
Fig.4-4-20. 3.5 kHz SBP digital section(a part of Line 98HS-302). 225
Fig.4-5-1. Difference(Differnce) of Height between Meter and Dock. 226
Fig.4-5-2. Flowchart of Magnetic Data Correction 230
Fig.4-5-3. 2-D modeling of line A. 231
에어건 배열의 송신파형 연구 471
Figure 1. Firing air-gun. 474
Figure 2. An idealized air-gun signature (After Johnston and Cain, 1982).... 476
Figure 3. Five guns summed to improve pulse-to-bubble ratio(After Evans, 1997). 477
Figure 4. Air-gun array of the Tamhae II. 479
Figure 5. Harmonic oscillator equivalent to an air-gun bubble. Parameters change with bubble size(After Johnson, 1994). 481
Figure 6. Gun array 492
Figure 7-(a) Signature and amplitude spectrum (30 in³ air-gun volume) 493
Figure 7-(b) Signature and amplitude spectrum (235 in³ air-gun volume) 494
Figure 7-(c) Signature and amplitude spectrum (500. in³ air-gun volume) 495
Figure 8-(a) Signature and amplitude spectrum with source array at 5.0m. 496
Figure 8-(b) Signature and amplitude spectrum with source array at 3.0m. 497
Figure 8-(c) Signature and amplitude spectrum with source array at 7.0m. 498
Gauss-Newton법을 이용한 구조보정 505
FIgure 1. A discretized representation of the forward modeling problem... 514
FIgure 2. One dimensional model for the computation of Hessian matrix... 525
FIgure 3. A representation of the approximate Hessian matrix... 526
FIgure 4. A representation of unnormalized zero-lag values of cross correlation between the partial derivative wavefields and the synthetic seismogram... 527
FIgure 5. A representation of zero-lag values of cross correlation nrmalized by the reciprocal of diagonal element of approximate Hessian. Unrealizable image at z=500m is enhanced so that we can see 528
FIgure 6. A representation of the approximate Hessian matrix for the two dimensional model... 529
FIgure 7. A represe ntation of the diagonal element of approximate Hessian matrix for the two dimensional model... 530
FIgure 8. A two dimensional geological model taken to test the Gauss-Newton migration technique... 533
FIgure 9. Synthetic seismogram measured along the surface where the source point is located at 150th grid point. 534
FIgure 10 Depth image without normalization... 537
FIgure 11 Depth image normalized by diagonal element of Hessian... 538
FIgure 12 Depth image normalized by damped diagonal element of Hessian... 539
FIgure 13 Depth image normalized by square root of diagonal element of Hessian... 540
FIgure 14 Depth image normalized by square root of damped diagonal element of Hessian... 541
FIgure 15 Reciprocal of diagonal element of Hessian... 542
FIgure 16 Reciprocal of square root of diagonal element of Hessian... 543
FIgure 17 Depth image without normalization... 545
FIgure 18 Depth image normalized by diagonal element of Hessian... 546
FIgure 19 Depth image normalized by damped diagonal element of Hessian... 547
FIgure 20 Depth image normalized by square root of diagonal element of Hessian... 548
FIgure 21 Depth image normalized by square root of damped diagonal element of Hessian... 549
FIgure 22 Depth image without normalization... 550
FIgure 23 Depth image normalized by diagonal element... 551
FIgure 24 Depth image normalized by damped diagonal element of Hessian... 552
FIgure 25 Depth image normalized by square root of diagonal element of Hessian... 553
FIgure 26 Dpeth image normalized by square root of damped diagonal element of Hessian... 554
FIgure 27 A two dimensional initial model taken to test the Gauss-Newton migration technique when the inital model is quite different from the true model shown in Figure 8... 556
FIgure 28 Depth image without normalization when four horizontal layers model shown in Figure 27 is used as an initial model... 557
FIgure 29 Depth image normalized by diagonal element of Hessian when the four horizontal layers model shown in Figure 27 is used as an initial model... 558
FIgure 30 Depth image normalized by damped diagonal element of Hessian when the four horizontal layers model shown in Figure 27 is used as an initial model... 559
FIgure 31 Depth image normalized by square root of diagonal element of Hessian when the four horizontal layers model shown in Figure 27 is used as an initial model... 560
FIgure 32 Depth image normalized by square root of damped diagonal element of Hessian when the four horizontal layers model shown in Figure 27 is used as an initial model... 561
FIgure 33 A two dimensional initial model taken to test the Gauss-Newton migration technique when the initial model is similar to the true model... 563
FIgure 34 Depth image without normalization when the four horizontal layers model shown in Figure 33 is used as an initial model... 564
FIgure 35 Depth image nomalized by diagonal element of Hessian when the four horizontal layers model shown in Figure 33 is used as an initial model... 565
FIgure 36 Depth image normalized by damped diagonal element of Hessian when the four horizontal layers model shown in Figure 33 is used as an initial model... 566
FIgure 37 Depth image normalized by square root of diagonal element of Hessian when the four horizontal layers model shown in Figure 33 is used as an initial model... 567
FIgure 38 Depth image normalized by square root of damped diagonal element of Hessan when the four horizontal layers model shown in Figure 27 is used as an initial model... 568
FIgure 39 A common shot image obtained by using reverse time migration Shot point is located at x=1.0km of the surface of the model shown in Figure 8... 570
FIgure 40 A depth image obtained by reverse time migration... 571
FIgure 41 A depth image obtained by reverse time migration when the four horiznotal layers model shown in Figure 27 is used as an initial model. 572
FIgure 42 A depth image obtained by reverse time migration when the four horizontal layers model shown in Figure 33 is used as an initial model. 573