기문(己汶), 곡나(谷那), 반파(伴跛)는 『일본서기』에 나오는 백제 지명이다. 이들은 모두 전북 동부 산악 지대에서 가야와 인접했던 지역으로, 그동안 이들의 위치 비정이 문헌 사학 및 고고학적 입장에서 활발하게 논의되었다. 여기서는 이 지명어들의 잊혀진 말뜻을 밝히고 관련 사료를 고려하여 그 위치를 고찰해 보고자 한다.
기문은 본래 ‘큰 고을’을 뜻한다는 의미에서 그 공간적 범위를 크게 보아 장수 남부권과 남원 운봉권 그리고 임실권을 아우르는 넓은 지역명으로 본다. 곡나는 문자 그대로 골짜기에 위치한 철산(곡나철산)이다. 장수권 대적골을 중심으로 하는 당시 국내 최대 철광산 지역명이다. 그리고 현재의 장수 번암이 반파의 어휘 뜻을 계승하고 있다는 점에서, 반파국은 일명 ‘해나라’였음을 알 수 있다. 반파는 장수 곡나철산의 막대한 제철산업을 기반으로 봉수를 운영하면서 백제와 경쟁했던 강국이었음을 현 지명 번암이 증언하고 있다.
In this paper I would like to investigate the erased meaning of these place names. The meaning of Ki-Mun had been proven to be the large village which was evidenced as a Keum-Mul(今勿). Ki-Mun was disappeared in the records of history but its gene was transmitted to Deok San Lee, Deok San valley, Deok San street. The meaning of Deok(德) was the ‘large, big, great’ which was recorded in the 『Hunmongjahoe』(訓蒙字會). Iron mine Kok-Na(谷那) was situated at the valley which had a deep ravine. At present Jang Su area had many historic sites of the iron mine which were the largest in the country. Most of them were placed at the Ji- Ji and Deok San valley, not a mountain side. Especially Dae Jeok Kol leaved the largest pile of the old iron ore slags. Relic sites of the iron ore were concentrated on the valleys and all of their names had the place name suffix ‘-kol’ i.e. Dae Jeok-Kol, Sam Mack-Kol, Neo Teo Li Kol etc. Pan-Pha(伴跛) in the 『Nihon Shoki』(日本書紀) and Pan-Pha(叛波) in the Liangzhigongtu(梁職貢圖) had the same meaning therefore understand each other. They were recorded by a different method using Chinese characters. A contemporary place name Pan-Am(蟠岩) had also the same sound with them. Pan(蟠) was writtened with its sound /pan/ and Am(岩) with its meaning ‘pai’(rock). Consequently all of them were represented to the same sound /pan-pa/ which had the allophone [han-ha]. Especially 『Nihon Shoki』(日本書紀) commented that the sound of Pan-Pha(伴跛) was ハへ[hahe]. Han-ha contained the meaning of the great Sun and so I insist that the nation name ‘Pan-Pa’ was the ‘Hae nara’(Sun Kingdom).