Title Page
Contents
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 13
ABSTRACT 14
Ⅰ. INTRODUCTION 16
A. Statement of Problem 19
B. Research Questions 20
C. Hypotheses 21
D. Definition of Terms 21
1. Antibiotics 21
2. Commensal Colonies 22
3. Dysbiosis 23
4. Faith-based Programs (DM Prevention Programs) 24
5. Gut Microbiota 24
6. Human Genome 25
7. Human Microbiome 26
8. Lifestyle Intervention 26
9. Metagenomics 27
10. Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) 27
11. Microorganism 28
12. Perturbations 29
13. Physical Activity (PA) 30
14. Prebiotics 31
15. Proteomics 33
16. Probiotic 34
17. Symbiosis/Symbiotic 34
18. Synbiotic 35
19. Transcription 36
20. Trophic Levels 36
Ⅱ. REVIEW OF LITERATURE 38
A. Cardiovascular Risk and Chronic Disease 38
B. Double Jeopardy Crisis 42
C. Metabolic Syndrome in African American Population 43
D. Faith Influences Health Behavioral Change in African Americans 46
E. Long & Short-term Lifestyle Intervention Programs Strategies 47
1. Community Collaboration and Participation/ Health Responsibility 47
2. Comprehensive Screening 50
3. Diet and Nutrition 50
4. Dysbiosis & Obesity 53
5. Physical Activity (PA): Positive Life Perspective 54
6. Mental Health & Behavioral health adoption (CBT) 56
7. Spiritual health and Social Relationship/ Spiritual Health 57
F. Human Gut Microbiome 59
1. Human gut microbiome overview 59
2. Prebiotic and probiotic overview 64
3. Relationship between gut microbiota and disease 69
Ⅲ. METHODOLOGY 72
A. SLIA Program Design (pre and post comparisons) 72
B. Materials and methods 78
1. Specimen Collection 78
2. DNA Extraction and real-time PCR 79
3. PCR-DGGE 80
4. Metagenomics analysis 83
5. Statistical analysis 84
C. Population and sampling 84
D. Data collection 87
E. Duration 92
F. Tools and instruments 92
1. Initial surveys for research participation seminar presentation (Appendix) 92
2. Fecal Sample Collection Kits: United States 92
3. Fecal Sample Analysis, Sahmyook University, Seoul Korea: Genomic and proteomics is being increasingly applied to discover and validate potential health and disease biomarkers, and Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA)-approved instrumentation and a range of clinical assays are being developed that will collectively play key roles in advancing personalized medicine (Lin et al., 2019). 92
Ⅳ. RESULTS: PILOT QUANTITATIVE STUDY 93
A. Demographic characteristics 93
B. Gut Patterns Changed 95
C. Result 97
1. Real-time PCR 97
2. PCR-DGGE 99
3. Metagenomics 99
D. Reduction of metabolic indicators 102
E. Normality tests 104
F. Discussion 110
G. Improved standard fitness screening outcomes 114
1. Evaluation of fitness variables before and after the lifestyle intervention 114
2. Normality tests 116
H. Observations 118
Ⅴ. DISCUSSION 119
Ⅵ. CONCLUSION 123
A. Implications of the findings 123
B. Limitations of the study 124
C. Recommendations for future studies 124
Ⅶ. REFERENCES 125
Ⅷ. APPENDICES 144
Table 1. FIT 4 YOU program 76
Table 2. Primers for quantitative real-time PCR 82
Table 3. Nutritional Grouping 86
Table 4. Fitness Training 89
Table 5. Descriptive statistics 91
Table 6. Descriptive statistics 94
Table 7. The counts (log10 16S rDNA gene copies/g of human digesta) different bacteria group measured by quantitative real-time PCR 98
Table 8. Reduction of metabolic indicators 103
Table 9. Normality tests 106
Table 10. Wilcoxon signed rank sum test 113
Table 11. Normality tests 117
Fig. 1. Dendrogram of analysis for PCR-DGGE profiles of fecal samples. A, before intervention; B, after intervention. He, herbivores; Om, omnivores. 96
Fig. 2. Heat map of different genera in the colonic microbiota of before and after intervention on omnivores. 100
Fig. 3. Diversity of different genera in the colonic microbiota of before and after intervention on omnivores. BI, before intervention; AI, after intervention. 101
Fig. 4. Describes the change in the results of the fitness test, before and after the lifestyle intervention. Error bars: standard deviation; *: p 〈0.05, using t paired range... 107
Fig. 5. Describes the change in the results of the fitness test, before and after the lifestyle intervention. Error bars: standard deviation; *: p 〈0.05, using statistical tests described;... 115